Water supply systems are arguably the most important public utility, and colossal amounts of money are spent every year on building out or upgrading water facilities. This book covers a wide spectrum of topics related to the analysis and design of water supply systems, from cost considerations to the general principles and essential parameters required for optimal water distribution design. Also covered are reorganization of existing water supply systems, optimal sizing, and network decomposition. A unique advantage of this book is its discussion of sediment transport through pipelines, such as the movement of water-suspended coal and metallic ore or the pneumatic conveyance of grains and solid wastes.

Dr. Prabhata K. Swamee is an Emeritus Fellow at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, where he was formerly a professor of civil engineering. He has forty-five years of teaching, research, and industry experience in water resources engineering and has published numerous articles in international journals.

Dr. Ashok K. Sharma is an Urban Water System Designer at CSIRO Australia, where he conducts research on design aspects of water, wastewater, and stormwater systems. As a civil engineer, he has twenty-five years of industry, research, and teaching experience in urban water systems and has had articles on urban water systems design published in international journals.

Preface	p. xi
Notations	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Background	p. 1
System Configuration	p. 2
Flow Hydraulics and Network Analysis	p. 3
Cost Considerations	p. 5
Design Considerations	p. 5
Choice Between Pumping and Gravity Systems	p. 6
Network Synthesis	p. 6
Designing a Piecemeal Subsystem	p. 7
Designing the System as a Whole	p. 7
Dividing the Area into a Number of Optimal Zones for Design	p. 7
Reorganization or Restrengthening of Existing Water Supply Systems	p. 8
Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines	p. 8
Scope of the Book	p. 8
References	p. 9
Basic Principles of Pipe Flow	p. 11
Surface Resistance	p. 13
Form Resistance	p. 16
Pipe Bend	p. 16
Elbows	p. 17
Valves	p. 17
Transitions	p. 19
Pipe Junction	p. 21
Pipe Entrance	p. 22
Pipe Outlet	p. 22
Overall Form Loss	p. 23
Pipe Flow Under Siphon Action	p. 23
Pipe Flow Problems	p. 26
Nodal Head Problem	p. 27
Discharge Problem	p. 27
Diameter Problem	p. 27
Equivalent Pipe	p. 30
Pipes in Series	p. 32
Pipes in Parallel	p. 33
Resistance Equation for Slurry Flow	p. 35
Resistance Equation for Capsule Transport	p. 37
Exercises	p. 41
References	p. 41
Pipe Network Analysis	p. 43
Water Demand Pattern	p. 44
Head Loss in a Pipe Link	p. 45
Head Loss in a Lumped Equivalent	p. 45
Head Loss in a Distributed Equivalent	p. 45
Analysis of Water Transmission Lines	p. 46
Analysis of Distribution Mains	p. 48
Pipe Network Geometry	p. 50
Analysis of Branched Networks	p. 50
Analysis of Looped Networks	p. 51
Hardy Cross Method	p. 52
Newton-Raphson Method	p. 60
Linear Theory Method	p. 64
Multi-Input Source Water Network Analysis	p. 67
Pipe Link Data	p. 68
Input Point Data	p. 68
Loop Data	p. 70
Node-Pipe Connectivity	p. 70
Analysis	p. 71
Flow Path Description	p. 74
Exercises	p. 76
References	p. 77
Cost Considerations	p. 79
Cost Functions	p. 81
Source and Its Development	p. 81
Pipelines	p. 82
Service Reservoir	p. 85
Cost of Residential Connection	p. 86
Cost of Energy	p. 87
Establishment Cost	p. 87
Life-Cycle Costing	p. 87
Unification of Costs	p. 87
Capitalization Method	p. 88
Annuity Method	p. 89
Net Present Value or Present Value Method	p. 90
Cost Function Parameters	p. 91
Relative Cost Factor	p. 92
Effect of Inflation	p. 92
Exercises	p. 95
References	p. 95
General Principles of Network Synthesis	p. 97
Constraints	p. 98
Safety Constraints	p. 99
System Constraints	p. 100
Formulation of the Problem	p. 100
Rounding Off of Design Variables	p. 100
Essential Parameters for Network Sizing	p. 101
Water Demand	p. 101
Rate of Water Supply	p. 102
Peak Factor	p. 103
Minimum Pressure Requirements	p. 105
Minimum Size of Distribution Main	p. 105
Maximum Size of Water Distribution	p. 105
Reliability Considerations	p. 105
Design Period of Water Supply Systems	p. 107
Water Supply Zones	p. 108
Pipe Material and Class Selection	p. 109
Exercises	p. 109
References	p. 109
Water Transmission Lines	p. 111
Gravity Mains	p. 112
Pumping Mains	p. 114
Iterative Design Procedure	p. 115
Explicit Design Procedure	p. 116
Pumping in Stages	p. 117
Long Pipeline on a Flat Topography	p. 118
Pipeline on a Topography with Large Elevation Difference	p. 122
Effect of Population Increase	p. 126
Choice Between Gravity and Pumping Systems	p. 128
Gravity Main Adoption Criterion	p. 128
Exercises	p. 130
References	p. 131
Water Distribution Mains	p. 133
Gravity-Sustained Distribution Mains	p. 133
Pumped Distribution Mains	p. 136
Exercises	p. 139
References	p. 140
Single-Input Source, Branched Systems	p. 141
Gravity-Sustained, Branched System	p. 143
Radial Systems	p. 143
Branch Systems	p. 144
Pumping, Branched Systems	p. 150
Radial Systems	p. 150
Branched, Pumping Systems	p. 153
Pipe Material and Class Selection Methodology	p. 159
Exercises	p. 160
References	p. 161
Single-Input Source, Looped Systems	p. 163
Gravity-Sustained, Looped Systems	p. 165
Continuous Diameter Approach	p. 167
Discrete Diameter Approach	p. 168
Pumping System	p. 172
Continuous Diameter Approach	p. 174
Discrete Diameter Approach	p. 177
Exercises	p. 179
Reference	p. 180
Multi-Input Source, Branched Systems	p. 181
Gravity-Sustained, Branched Systems	p. 182
Continuous Diameter Approach	p. 184
Discrete Diameter Approach	p. 186
Pumping System	p. 189
Continuous Diameter Approach	p. 190
Discrete Diameter Approach	p. 193
Exercises	p. 195
References	p. 196
Multi-Input Source, Looped Systems	p. 197
Gravity-Sustained, Looped Systems	p. 198
Continuous Diameter Approach	p. 199
Discrete Diameter Approach	p. 200
Pumping System	p. 203
Continuous Diameter Approach	p. 205
Discrete Diameter Approach	p. 206
Exercises	p. 211
Reference	p. 212
Decomposition of a Large Water System and Optimal Zone Size	p. 213
Decomposition of a Large, Multi-Input, Looped Network	p. 214
Network Description	p. 214
Preliminary Network Analysis	p. 215
Flow Path of Pipes and Source Selection	p. 215
Pipe Route Generation Connecting Input Point Sources	p. 217
Weak Link Determination for a Route Clipping	p. 221
Synthesis of Network	p. 227
Optimal Water Supply Zone Size	p. 228
Circular Zone	p. 229
Strip Zone	p. 235
Exercises	p. 241
References	p. 242
Reorganization of Water Distribution Systems	p. 243
Parallel Networks	p. 244
Parallel Gravity Mains	p. 244
Parallel Pumping Mains	p. 245
Parallel Pumping Distribution Mains	p. 246
Parallel Pumping Radial System	p. 247
Strengthening of Distribution System	p. 248
Strengthening Discharge	p. 248
Strengthening of a Pumping Main	p. 250
Strengthening of a Distribution Main	p. 252
Strengthening of Water Distribution Network	p. 254
Exercises	p. 258
Reference	p. 258
Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines	p. 259
Slurry-Transporting Pipelines	p. 260
Gravity-Sustained, Slurry-Transporting Mains	p. 260
Pumping-Sustained, Slurry-Transporting Mains	p. 262
Capsule-Transporting Pipelines	p. 266
Gravity-Sustained, Capsule-Transporting Mains	p. 267
Pumping-Sustained, Capsule-Transporting Mains	p. 268
Exercises	p. 273
References	p. 273
Linear Programming	p. 275
Problem Formulation	p. 275
Simplex Algorithm	p. 276
Geometric Programming	p. 281
Water Distribution Network Analysis Program	p. 287
Single-Input Water Distribution Network Analysis Program	p. 287
Multi-Input Water Distribution Network Analysis Program	p. 322
Index	p. 347
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