Designing Interactive Systems : People, Activities, Contexts, Technologies

by Benyon, David; Turner, Phil; Turner, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780321116291
• ISBN10: 0321116291
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Addison Wesley

Summary

Designing Interactive Systems: People, Activities, Contexts, Technologies is an exciting, forward-looking textbook in Human Computer Interaction (HCI). It is suitable for beginners as well as advanced students of HCI and can be used at all stages of the curriculum. AUTHORitative in its coverage, the book draws on the AUTHORs' extensive experience in research and teaching. A self-contained introduction to the area is followed by a systematic discussion of the influence of human psychology on the design of interactive systems, illustrated by many real-world examples. Next, a practical, scenario-based design method and techniques are presented. Later sections treat hot topics such as affective computing, social navigation and computer-supported cooperative work. A range of current methods, including contextual design and the latest thinking in evaluation, are treated in detail. These more advanced, research-led chapters encourage the reader to reflect critically on the domain as a whole. The book explores this continually developing discipline by bringing together the most useful aspects of established practice with newer perspectives. The approach recognizes that we have gone beyond computers in the workplace and are concerned with designing engaging interactions between people and a wide range of devices, products and systems. FEATURES bull; bull;Broad coverage to take students of HCI through their entire degree programme. bull;Appropriate for students of all levels as well as professionals working in industry. bull;Running case-studies (a home information system and a VR training environment) bring to life the complex real-world nature of HCI problems and demonstrate how they can be resolved. bull;Full-colour text with a variety of engaging pedagogical features such as challenge questions and real-world examples to help students in their learning and understanding and encourage them to think for themselves. This book is highly suitable for those studying HCI as part of a course in Software Engineering, Computer Science or similar subjects, and ideal for Human Computer Interaction students and professionals needing to know more about this field. About the AUTHORs David Benyon is Professor of Human-Computer Systems at Napier University, Edinburgh. Phil Turner is Senior Lecturer in Computing at Napier University, Edinburgh. Susan Turner is Lecturer in Computing at Napier University, Edinburgh.

Author Biography

David Benyon is Professor of Human-Computer Systems at Napier University, Edinburgh.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Publisher's acknowledgements	xxix
Part I Essential Interactive Systems Design	2	(94)
Designing interactive systems: A fusion of skills	5	(24)
The variety of interactive systems	5	(5)
The concerns of interactive systems design	10	(5)
Being digital	15	(5)
The skills of the interactive systems designer	20	(4)
Why being human-centred is important	24	(5)
Summary and key points	26	(1)
Further reading	26	(1)
Comments on challenges	27	(1)
Exercises	28	(1)
People, activities, contexts and technologies: A framework for designing interactive systems	29	(22)
Introduction	29	(2)
People	31	(2)
Activities	33	(2)
Contexts	35	(1)
Technologies	36	(1)
Scoping a problem with PACT	37	(2)
The process of human-centred interactive systems design	39	(7)
Doing design	46	(5)
Summary and key points	47	(1)
Further reading	48	(1)
Comments on challenges	48	(2)
Exercises	50	(1)
Principles and practice of interactive systems design	51	(27)
Introduction	51	(1)
Accessibility	52	(4)
Usability	56	(4)
Acceptability	60	(1)
Engagement	61	(3)
Design principles	64	(3)
Designing for windows applications	67	(2)
Designing websites	69	(3)
Designing for other technologies	72	(6)
Summary and key points	74	(1)
Further reading	75	(1)
Comments on challenges	75	(2)
Exercises	77	(1)
The Home Information Centre (HIC) 1: A case study in designing interactive systems	78	(18)
Introduction	78	(3)
The design process	81	(2)
A PACT analysis for the HIC	83	(1)
Evaluating early interface prototypes	84	(7)
Conclusions	91	(5)
Summary and key points	92	(1)
Further reading	93	(1)
Comments on challenges	93	(2)
Exercises	95	(1)
Part II People and Technologies	96	(94)
Understanding people 1: An introduction to cognitive psychology	99	(36)
Introduction	99	(1)
Cognitive psychology and HIP (human information processing)	100	(2)
A seven-stage model of activity	102	(2)
Memory	104	(3)
Attention	107	(3)
Visual perception	110	(4)
The Gestalt laws of perception	114	(6)
Depth perception	120	(3)
Factors affecting perception	123	(1)
Colour	124	(2)
Mental models	126	(9)
Summary and key points	130	(1)
Further reading	131	(1)
Comments on challenges	132	(1)
Exercises	133	(2)
Technology 1: Supporting single user interaction	135	(28)
Introduction	135	(2)
User interfaces	137	(2)
Graphical user interfaces	139	(1)
The major components of a GUI	140	(7)
Form fill	147	(2)
Input devices	149	(4)
Output devices	153	(4)
Virtual reality	157	(1)
VR input and output devices	158	(5)
Summary and key points	160	(1)
Further reading	160	(1)
Comments on challenges	161	(1)
Exercises	161	(2)
Understanding people 2: Embodied, situated and distributed cognition	163	(27)
Embodied interaction 1: Ergonomics	164	(4)
Embodied interaction 2: Avatars in CVEs	168	(2)
Embodied interaction 3: Affordance	170	(3)
Theoretical perspective 1: Situated action	173	(3)
Theoretical perspective 2: Distributed congition	176	(2)
Theoretical perspective 3: Activity theory	178	(12)
Summary and key points	185	(1)
Further reading	186	(2)
Comments on challenges	188	(1)
Exercises	189	(1)
Part III Activities and Contexts of Interactive Systems Design	190	(160)
Scenarios	192	(18)
Introduction	192	(2)
Scenarios throughout design	194	(6)
Documenting scenarios	200	(4)
A scenario-based design method	204	(6)
Summary and key points	207	(1)
Further reading	207	(1)
Comments on challenges	208	(1)
Exercises	208	(2)
Requirements	210	(23)
What are requirements?	211	(3)
Participative design and requirements	214	(2)
Interviews	216	(2)
Practical considerations in interviewing	218	(2)
Obtaining information from people at a distance	220	(2)
Working with groups	222	(1)
Observing activities in situ	222	(1)
Artefact collection and `desk work'	223	(3)
Requirements and scenarios	226	(7)
Summary and key points	228	(1)
Further reading	228	(1)
Comments on challenges	229	(2)
Exercises	231	(2)
Envisionment	233	(20)
Exploring design concepts	233	(2)
Using metaphor to explore design	235	(2)
Finding suitable representations	237	(1)
Sketches and snapshots	238	(1)
Storyboards	239	(2)
Mood boards	241	(1)
Navigation maps	242	(2)
Using scenarios in envisionment	244	(3)
Exploring the design space	247	(1)
An outline envisionment process	248	(5)
Summary and key points	249	(1)
Further reading	250	(1)
Comments on challenges	251	(1)
Exercises	252	(1)
Prototyping	253	(15)
Different types of prototype	253	(5)
Prototypes and participatory design	258	(1)
Different approaches to functionality in prototypes	258	(2)
Prototyping tools	260	(2)
Presenting designs	262	(1)
Envisionment in practice	263	(5)
Summary and key points	264	(1)
Further reading	265	(1)
Comments on challenges	266	(1)
Exercises	267	(1)
Evaluation	268	(21)
Evaluating interactive systems design	268	(4)
Expert evaluation basics	272	(2)
The IMPACT model for user evaluation	274	(6)
A minimal Cooperative Usability Evaluation	280	(1)
Data capture techniques for usability evaluation	281	(2)
Reporting usability evaluation results to the design team	283	(6)
Summary and key points	285	(1)
Further reading	286	(1)
Comments on challenges	286	(2)
Exercises	288	(1)
Conceptual and physical design	289	(20)
Conceptual and physical design	289	(4)
Conceptual design using scenarios	293	(4)
Physical design	297	(1)
Designing interactions	298	(6)
Design languages	304	(5)
Summary and key points	306	(1)
Further reading	307	(1)
Comments on challenges	307	(1)
Exercises	308	(1)
The Home Information Centre (HIC) 2: Development and evaluation	309	(41)
Scenarios: the first prototype	309	(6)
The Edinburgh Festival scenario	315	(4)
Functional requirements	319	(6)
Conceptual design	325	(3)
An interface design	328	(5)
Finalizing ideas	333	(8)
The second interface design	341	(2)
Evaluation of the second prototype	343	(7)
Summary and key points	347	(1)
Further reading	348	(1)
Comments on challenges	348	(1)
Exercises	349	(1)
Part IV Psychological Foundations for Interactive Systems Design	350	(98)
Memory, attention and making mistakes	352	(42)
What is memory?	352	(2)
How memory works	354	(3)
How do we remember?	357	(1)
How and why do we forget?	358	(2)
Designing for working memory	360	(7)
Icons	367	(2)
Horton's icon checklist	369	(1)
What is attention?	370	(1)
How attention works	371	(5)
Designing for attention	376	(7)
Cognitive work analysis: cognition in action	383	(3)
Human error	386	(3)
Design guidelines	389	(5)
Summary and key points	391	(1)
Further reading	391	(1)
Comments on challenges	392	(1)
Exercises	393	(1)
Hearing and haptics	394	(25)
Sound and hearing	394	(2)
Auditory perception	396	(1)
Using sound at the user interface	397	(2)
Examples of auditory user interfaces (AUIs)	399	(3)
Problems with sound	402	(1)
What is haptic perception?	402	(2)
Tangible interaction	404	(1)
Tangible user interfaces (TUIs)	405	(2)
Getting a feel for tangible computing	407	(3)
Interactive workbenches	410	(1)
Wearable computing	410	(6)
The six attributes of wearable computing	416	(1)
Final thought: haptics meets hearing	416	(3)
Summary and key points	417	(1)
Further reading	417	(1)
Comments on challenges	417	(1)
Exercises	418	(1)
Affective computing and pleasure	419	(29)
Introduction	420	(1)
Psychological theories of emotion	421	(6)
Detecting and recognizing emotions	427	(5)
Expressing emotion	432	(5)
Potential applications and key issues for further research	437	(1)
Designing for pleasure	438	(10)
Summary and key points	445	(1)
Further reading	446	(1)
Comments on challenges	446	(1)
Exercises	447	(1)
Part V Techniques for Interactive Systems Design and Evaluation	448	(116)
Contextual Design 1: The Contextual Interview and work modelling	450	(31)
Introduction	451	(2)
Contextual Inquiry	453	(4)
Contextual Design: work modelling	457	(2)
Flow models	459	(4)
Sequence models	463	(4)
Artefact models	467	(4)
The cultural model	471	(2)
The physical model	473	(8)
Summary and key points	475	(1)
Further reading	476	(1)
Comments on challenges	476	(5)
Contextual Design 2: From models to design	481	(22)
Introduction	481	(1)
The affinity diagram	482	(2)
Consolidation	484	(5)
Developing a vision	489	(1)
Constructing a storyboard in Contextual Design	490	(2)
The user environment design (UED)	492	(5)
Paper prototyping	497	(1)
Applications of Contextual Design	498	(5)
Summary and key points	501	(1)
Further reading	501	(1)
Comments on challenges	501	(2)
Task analysis	503	(19)
Goals, tasks and actions	503	(4)
Task analysis and systems design	507	(2)
Hierarchical task analysis	509	(3)
GOMS - a cognitive model of procedural knowledge	512	(2)
Structural knowledge	514	(8)
Summary and key points	518	(1)
Further reading	519	(1)
Comments on challenges	520	(1)
Exercises	521	(1)
Further evaluation 1: Generic techniques and current issues	522	(23)
Introduction: establishing the context for evaluation	523	(1)
Further techniques for evaluation with users	523	(8)
Predictive evaluation without users	531	(7)
Current issues in evaluation	538	(7)
Summary and key points	542	(1)
Further reading	543	(1)
Comments on challenges	543	(1)
Exercises	544	(1)
Further evaluation 2: Special contexts	545	(19)
Evaluating virtual environments	545	(2)
Evaluating small mobile devices	547	(4)
Evaluating CSCW and groupware	551	(7)
Evaluation beyond the workplace	558	(6)
Summary and key points	561	(1)
Further reading	561	(1)
Comments on challenges	562	(1)
Exercises	562	(2)
Part VI Information Spaces	564	(110)
Information architecture	566	(25)
Information spaces	566	(5)
The structure of information space	571	(6)
The information architecture of websites	577	(10)
Conclusion	587	(4)
Summary and key points	588	(1)
Further reading	588	(1)
Comments on challenges	589	(1)
Exercises	590	(1)
Information design	591	(20)
Introduction	591	(4)
Metaphors in design	595	(4)
Information design for websites	599	(5)
Interactive visualizations	604	(7)
Summary and key points	608	(1)
Further reading	608	(1)
Comments on challenges	609	(1)
Exercises	610	(1)
Navigation of information space	611	(24)
Navigation	611	(6)
Designing for navigation	617	(5)
Navigation design for websites	622	(4)
Social navigation of information space	626	(9)
Summary and key points	632	(1)
Further reading	632	(1)
Comments on challenges	633	(1)
Exercises	633	(2)
Agent-based interaction	635	(21)
Agents	635	(3)
Adaptive systems	638	(3)
An architecture for agents	641	(7)
Example: Maxims - an e-mail filtering agent	648	(1)
Other applications of agent-based interaction	649	(7)
Summary and key points	653	(1)
Further reading	654	(1)
Comments on challenges	654	(1)
Exercises	655	(1)
Ubiquitous computing and distributed information	656	(18)
Ubiquitous computing	656	(1)
Distributed information spaces	657	(4)
Formal models of distributed spaces	661	(6)
Home environments	667	(7)
Summary and key points	671	(1)
Further reading	672	(1)
Comments on challenges	672	(1)
Exercises	673	(1)
Part VII Computer-supported Cooperative Working	674	(86)
CSCW 1: Supporting communication	676	(26)
Understanding human communication	676	(2)
Distance matters	678	(4)
Voice-based communication	682	(2)
Text-based communication	684	(3)
Instant messaging and text messaging	687	(2)
Video-based communication	689	(5)
Three studies of VMC	694	(3)
VC experiments in summary	697	(1)
Telepresence	698	(4)
Summary and key points	699	(1)
Further reading	699	(1)
Comments on challenges	700	(1)
Exercises	700	(2)
CSCW 2: Understanding cooperative working	702	(26)
Overview	702	(2)
What is cooperation?	704	(1)
The contribution of social psychology to understanding cooperation	705	(2)
Social norms, compliance and conformance	707	(5)
What is CSCW?	712	(1)
The `turn to the social' - the birth of CSCW	713	(1)
Grudin's eight challenges for CSCW developers	713	(4)
Workplace studies: understanding collaboration in context	717	(11)
Summary and key points	725	(1)
Further reading	726	(1)
Comments on challenges	726	(1)
Exercises	727	(1)
CSCW 3: Technology to support cooperation	728	(32)
The space-time matrix	729	(1)
Technologies to support synchronous working	730	(5)
Technologies to support asynchronous working	735	(5)
Coordination technologies	740	(6)
Collaborative virtual environments	746	(3)
Designing for awareness	749	(11)
Summary and key points	756	(1)
Further reading	757	(1)
Comments on challenges	757	(1)
Exercises	758	(2)
References and bibliography	760	(16)
Index	776