Development of Cardiovascular Systems: Molecules to Organisms

by Edited by Warren W. Burggren , Bradley B. Keller , Foreword by Constance Weinstein

• ISBN13: 9780521560726
• ISBN10: 0521560721
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-01-13
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

This book is a unique overview of cardiovascular development from the cellular to the organ level across a broad range of species. The first section focuses on the molecular, cellular, and integrative mechanisms that determine cardiovascular development. The second section has eight chapters that summarise cardiovascular development in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. The third section discusses the effects of disease and environmental and morphogenetic influences on non-mammalian and mammalian cardiovascular development. It includes strategies for the management of congenital cardiovascular malformations in utero and postnatally. The book will interest graduate students and researchers who work in the fields of developmental biology, physiology, and molecular and paediatric cardiology.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	x	(3)
Foreword	xiii
Constance Weinstein
Introduction: Why study cardiovascular development?	1	(6)
Warren W. Burggren
Bradley B. Keller
The primacy of the developing cardiovascular system	1	(1)
The rationale for this book	2	(1)
The scope and content of this book	2	(5)
Part I Molecular, cellular, and integrative mechanisms determining cardiovascular development	7	(94)
1 Genetic dissection of heart development	7	(11)
Jau-Nian Chen
Mark C. Fishman
Introduction	7	(1)
Drosophila: The power of genetic screens in invertebrates	7	(4)
The mouse: The power of gene knockout	11	(3)
The zebra fish: The power of genetic screens of a vertebrate	14	(3)
Summary	17	(1)
2 Cardiac membrane structure and function	18	(9)
Lynn Mahony
The developing sarcolemma	18	(2)
The transverse tubule system	20	(1)
Mitochondria	21	(1)
The sarcoplasmic reticulum	21	(1)
Resting and action potentials	22	(1)
Excitation-contraction coupling	23	(1)
Relaxation	24	(2)
Conclusion	26	(1)
3 Development of the myocardial contractile system	27	(8)
Anne M. Murphy
Mechanisms for diversity in contractile protein isoforms	27	(1)
The contractile process	28	(6)
Conclusions and future directions	34	(1)
4 Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the developing heart	35	(8)
Robert J. Tomanek
Anna Ratajska
Precoronary events	35	(1)
Precursor cells and early vascularization	36	(2)
The coronary arterial system	38	(1)
Postnatal vascular growth	39	(1)
Regulation of coronary vascularization	40	(2)
Unanswered questions	42	(1)
5 Extracellular matrix maturation and heart formation	43	(14)
Wayne Carver
Louis Terracio
Thomas K. Borg
Introduction	43	(3)
Cardiac cushion formation	46	(1)
Matrix receptors	47	(1)
Cardiac cushion maturation	47	(2)
Three-dimensional organization of heart cells	49	(1)
Myofibrillogenesis	50	(2)
Neonatal heart development	52	(1)
Proteoglycans	52	(3)
Conclusions and future directions	55	(2)
6 Endothelial cell development and its role in pathogenesis	57	(8)
Jackson Wong
Introduction	57	(1)
Endothelial cell development	57	(4)
The role of the extracellular matrix in pathogenesis	61	(3)
The unanswered questions	64	(1)
7 Embryonic cardiovascular function, coupling, and maturation: A species view	65	(23)
Bradley B. Keller
Introduction: Scope and definitions	65	(1)
Embryonic cardiovascular morphometry	66	(2)
Embryonic cardiovascular functional maturation: An overview	68	(1)
Atrial function	68	(5)
Ventricular function	73	(8)
Ventricular-vascular coupling	81	(4)
Functional consequences of ventricular growth acceleration	85	(1)
Functional consequences of ventricular growth deceleration	86	(1)
Cardiovascular consequences of autonomic nervous maturation	86	(1)
Embryonic cardiac mechanics	87	(1)
Significance and future directions of research	87	(1)
8 Hormonal systems regulating the developing cardiovascular system	88	(13)
Makoto Nakazawa
Fusae Kajio
Introduction	88	(1)
Catecholamines and their effects	89	(5)
Atrial natriuretic peptide and its effects	94	(2)
Endothelin-1	96	(1)
Conclusions and future directions	97	(4)
Part II Species diversity in cardiovascular development	101	(126)
9 Evolution of cardiovascular systems: Insights into ontogeny	101	(13)
Anthony P. Farrell
Introduction	101	(1)
Common solutions to common problems	102	(2)
The evolution of cardiovascular systems	104	(2)
Vertebrate cardiovascular evolution	106	(3)
Mammalian cardiac development	109	(2)
Forming a divided heart	111	(2)
The coronary circulation	113	(1)
Future directions	113	(1)
10 Morphogenesis of vertebrate hearts	114	(13)
Jose M. Icardo
The origin of the heart and early morphogenesis	114	(3)
Heart induction	117	(1)
Heart differentiation	118	(2)
Differentiation and morphogenesis	120	(1)
The cardiac loop	120	(5)
Unanswered questions and some critiques	125	(2)
11 Invertebrate cardiovascular development	127	(18)
Brian R. McMahon
George B. Bourne
Ka Hou Chu
Introduction	127	(1)
Annelida	127	(3)
Arthropoda	130	(7)
Mollusca	137	(3)
Echinodermata	140	(2)
Hemichordata	142	(1)
Urochordata	142	(2)
Concluding remarks	144	(1)
12 Piscine cardiovascular development	145	(21)
Peter J. Rombough
Introduction	145	(1)
Morphogenesis	145	(8)
Physiology	153	(8)
Adaptive responses	161	(3)
Concluding remarks	164	(2)
13 Amphibian cardiovascular development	166	(17)
Warren W. Burggren
Regina Fritsche
Introduction	166	(1)
Cardiovascular anatomy of amphibians	166	(5)
Hemodynamic maturation	171	(8)
Diffusive versus convective oxygen delivery in early amphibian embryos: Do vertebrate embryos need hearts?	179	(1)
Developmental plasticity of the amphibian cardiovascular and respiratory systems	180	(2)
A perspective on future research	182	(1)
14 Reptilian cardiovascular development	183	(10)
Stephen J. Warburton
Introduction	183	(1)
Structural development of the circulatory system	184	(4)
Extraembryonic vessels	188	(1)
Erythrocyte and hemoglobin function	188	(1)
Cardiovascular responses to hypoxia	189	(1)
Reptilian development and insights into vertebrate embryonic cardiovascular function	190	(3)
15 Avian cardiovascular development	193	(18)
Hiroshi Tazawa
Ping-Chun Lucy Hou
Introduction	193	(1)
Embryogenesis and development of the chick heart	194	(2)
Developmental pattern of cardiovascular variables	196	(8)
Model analysis of cardiovascular shunts and cardiac output in the late embryo	204	(4)
Concluding remarks and perspective	208	(3)
16 Mammalian cardiovascular development: Physiology and functional reserve of the fetal heart	211	(16)
Kent L. Thornburg
George D. Giraud
Mark D. Reller
Mark J. Morton
Functional adaptations of fetal ventricles	211	(5)
Adaptations of the fetal coronary tree	216	(6)
Summary and future directions	222	(5)
Part III Environment and disease in cardiovascular development	227	(58)
17 Oxygen, temperature, and pH influences on the development of nonmammalian embryos and larvae	227	(13)
Bernd Pelster
Introduction	227	(1)
Hypoxia	227	(7)
Temperature	234	(4)
Salinity and pH	238	(1)
Conclusion	238	(2)
18 Modeling gas exchange in embryos, larvae, and fetuses	240	(19)
Alan W. Pinder
Introduction	240	(4)
Gas exchange models for developing vertebrates	244	(13)
Summary and a perspective	257	(2)
19 Principles of abnormal cardiac development	259	(9)
Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot
Robert E. Poelmann
Introduction	259	(1)
The paradox of the double-outlet right ventricle	259	(7)
Future directions	266	(2)
20 In utero and postnatal interventions for congenital cardiovascular malformations	268	(13)
V. Mohan Reddy
Frank L. Hanley
Introduction	268	(1)
Fetal cardiovascular physiology	268	(2)
Transitional circulation	270	(3)
Myocardial development	273	(1)
Postnatal intervention	273	(4)
In utero interventions	277	(4)
21 Applying the science of cardiovascular development to congenital cardiovascular malformations	281	(4)
Edward B. Clark
Introduction	281	(1)
Cardiac development and the genetic etiology of congenital cardiovascular malformations	282	(1)
Cardiovascular development and surgical therapy	282	(1)
Cardiovascular development and opportunities for prevention of congenital cardiovascular malformations	283	(2)
Epilogue: Future directions in developmental cardiovascular sciences	285	(2)
Bradley B. Keller
Warren W. Burggren
References	287	(64)
Systematic index	351	(2)
Subject index	353