Development Of The Nervous System

by Sanes; Reh; Harris

• ISBN13: 9780126186215
• ISBN10: 0126186219
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-10-06
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Development of the Nervous System presents a broad treatment of the basic principles of neural development as exemplified by key experiments and observations from past and recent times. The text is organized ontogenically, beginning from the induction of the neural primordium and leading to the emergence of behavior. It covers all the major topics that would form the basis of a comprehensive undergraduate curriculum along the way including the patterning and growth of the nervous system, neuronal determination, axonal navigation and targeting, neuron survival and death, synapse formation and plasticity. The new text reflects the complete modernization of the field that has been achieved through the use of model organisms, the intensive application of molecular and genetic approaches, and the introduction of new imaging technologies. Development of the Nervous System is richly illustrated with color photographs and original drawings. These illustrations, combined with clear, concise writing make this a book that is well suited to students approaching this intriguing field for the first time. * Updates information including all the new developments made in the field since the first edition * Now in full color throughout, with the original, artist-rendered drawings from the first edition completely redone, revised, colorized, and updated * Includes a CD-ROM with all of the images from the book

Table of Contents

Preface for the First Edition	xi
Preface for the Second Edition	xiii
Neural Induction	1	(28)
Development and Evolution of Neurons	1	(1)
Early Embryology of Metazoans	1	(2)
Derivation of Neural Tissue	3	(6)
Interactions with Neighboring Tissues in Making Neural Tissue	9	(4)
The Molecular Nature of the Neural Inducer	13	(3)
Conservation of Neural Induction	16	(4)
Interactions Among the Ectodermal Cells in Controlling Neuroblast Segregation	20	(5)
Notch, Delta, and Achaete Scute Genes in Vertebrates	25	(2)
Linking Induction to Proneural Activity	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Polarity and Segmentation	29	(28)
Regional Identity of the Nervous System	29	(1)
The Anterior-Posterior Axis and HOX Genes	30	(3)
HOX Gene Function in the Nervous System	33	(3)
Signaling Molecules that Pattern the Anterior-Posterior Axis in Vertebrates: Heads or Tails	36	(3)
Organizing Centers in the Developing Brain	39	(3)
Forebrain Development, Prosomeres, and PAX Genes	42	(4)
Dorsal-Ventral Polarity in the Neural Tube	46	(4)
Dorsal Neural Tube and Neural Crest	50	(2)
Patterning the Cerebral Cortex	52	(3)
Summary	55	(2)
Genesis and Migration	57	(30)
Cell-Cycle Genes Control the Number of Neurons Generated during Development	62	(1)
Cell Interactions Control the Number of Cells Made by Progenitors	63	(6)
The Generation of Neurons and GLIA	69	(2)
Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis	71	(4)
The Subventricular Zone: A Secondary Zone of Neurogenesis	75	(1)
Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis	76	(2)
Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration	78	(4)
Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis	82	(3)
Summary	85	(2)
Determination and Differentiation	87	(24)
Transcriptional Hierarchies in Invariant Lineages	88	(3)
Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of Determination	91	(2)
Asymmetric Cell Divisions and Asymmetric Fate	93	(1)
Generating Complexity through Cellular Interactions	94	(3)
Specification and Differentiation through Cellular Interactions and Interactions with the Local Environment	97	(3)
Competence and Histogenesis	100	(2)
The Interplay of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Influences in Histogenesis	102	(4)
Interpreting Gradients and the Spatial Organization of Cell Types	106	(3)
Summary	109	(2)
Axon Growth and Guidance	111	(34)
The Growth Cone	114	(2)
The Dynamic Cytoskeleton	116	(5)
What Do Growth Cones Grow On?	121	(2)
What Provides Directional Information to Growth Cones?	123	(1)
Cell Adhesion and Labeled Pathways	124	(3)
Repulsive Guidance	127	(3)
Chemotaxis, Gradients, and Local Information	130	(3)
The Optic Pathway	133	(1)
The Midline	134	(1)
Attraction and Repulsion: Desensitization and Adaptation	134	(3)
Signal Transduction	137	(1)
Summary	138	(7)
Target Selection	145	(28)
Defasiculation	145	(2)
Target Recognition and Entry	147	(1)
Slowing Down and Branching	148	(1)
Border Patrol and Prevention of Inappropriate Targeting	149	(3)
Topographic Mapping	152	(1)
Chemospecificity and Ephrins	153	(5)
Shifting and Fine Tuning of Connections	158	(4)
The Third Dimension, Lamina-Specific Termination	162	(2)
Cellular and Synaptic Targeting	164	(2)
Sniffing Out Targets	166	(4)
Summary	170	(3)
Naturally Occurring Neuron Death	173	(34)
What does Neuron Death Look Like?	173	(1)
Early Elimination of Progenitor Cells	174	(1)
How Many Differentiated Neurons Die?	174	(2)
Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target	176	(4)
NGF: A Target-Derived Survival Factor	180	(2)
The Neurotrophin Family	182	(2)
The TRK Family of Neurotrophin Receptors	184	(2)
How does the Neurotrophin Signal Reach the Soma?	186	(1)
The P75 Neurotrophin Receptor	186	(2)
The Expanding World of Survival Factors	188	(2)
Endocrine Control of Cell Survival	190	(2)
Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis	192	(1)
Intracellular Signaling	193	(3)
Caspases: Agents of Death	196	(4)
BCL-2 Proteins: Regulators of Apoptosis	200	(1)
Synaptic Transmission at the Target	201	(1)
Afferent Regulation of Cell Survival	202	(4)
Summary	206	(1)
Synapse Formation and Function	207	(40)
What Do Newly Formed Synapses Look Like?	211	(4)
The First Signs of Synapse Function	215	(3)
The Decision to Form a Synapse	218	(2)
The Stricky Synapse	220	(1)
Converting Growth Cones to Presynaptic Terminals	221	(1)
Receptor Clustering Signifies Postsynaptic Differentiation at NMJ	222	(2)
Presynaptic Terminals Induce Receptor Aggregation	224	(2)
Agrin, a Transynaptic Clustering Signal	226	(1)
Postsynaptic Response to Agrin	227	(2)
Receptor Clustering Signals in the CNS	229	(1)
Internal Membrane Proteins and Receptor Aggregation in the CNS	230	(3)
The Expression and Insertion of New Receptors	233	(2)
Neuronal Activity Regulates Receptor Expression	235	(1)
Neuregulin, a Regulator of Postsynaptic Transcription	236	(2)
Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform Transitions	238	(3)
Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake	241	(1)
Short-Term Plasticity	242	(1)
Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition	243	(1)
Is Inhibition Really Inhibitory during Development?	243	(1)
Summary	244	(3)
Refinement of Synaptic Connections	247	(42)
The Early Pattern of Connections	247	(2)
Functional Synapses are Eliminated	249	(1)
Axonal Arbors are Refined or Eliminated	250	(5)
Some Terminals Expand or Remain Stable	255	(1)
Neural Activity Regulates Synaptic Connections	255	(7)
Sensory Coding Properties Reflect Synapse Rearrangement	262	(3)
Activity Contributes to the Alignment of Sensory Maps	265	(2)
Spontaneous Activity and Afferent Segregation	267	(4)
Many Forms of Plasticity have a Time Limit	271	(1)
Synapses Interact Over a Short Distance	271	(1)
Heterosynaptic Depression	272	(2)
Postsynaptic Receptors are Eliminated	274	(2)
Involvement of Intracellular Calcium	276	(1)
NMDA Receptors and Calcium Signaling	276	(2)
The Role of Second Messenger Systems	278	(1)
Metabotropic Receptors	279	(1)
Gain Control	280	(2)
Silent Synapses	282	(1)
Homeostasis: The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same	283	(1)
Plasticity of Inhibitory Connections	284	(1)
Synaptic Influence on Neuron Morphology	285	(2)
Summary	287	(2)
Behavioral Development	289	(34)
Behavioral Ontogeny	289	(1)
Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms	290	(1)
Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Development	291	(1)
The First Movements	291	(2)
The Mechanism of Spontaneous Movements	293	(1)
Embryonic Movements: Uncoordinated or Integrated?	294	(2)
The Role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Behavior	296	(1)
Stage-Specific Behaviors	297	(2)
Beginning to Make Sense of the World	299	(1)
Asking Babies Questions	300	(1)
Sharp Eyesight	301	(1)
Acute Hearing	302	(3)
Sex-Specific Behavior	305	(1)
Genetic Sex	306	(1)
Hormonal Signals	306	(1)
Hormonal Control of Brain Gender	307	(1)
Genetic Control of Brain Gender	308	(1)
Singing in the Brain	309	(1)
From Gonads to Brain?	310	(1)
Learning to Remember	311	(1)
Where's Mamma?	312	(2)
Fear and Loathing	314	(3)
Getting Information from One Brain to Another	317	(2)
Language	319	(2)
Summary	321	(2)
References	323	(38)
Index	361