Development and Regenerative Capacity of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Tetrapods

by Donkelaar, H. J. Ten; Beck, F.; Brown, D.; Christ, B.; Kritz, W.; Marani, E.; Putz, R.

• ISBN13: 9783540664666
• ISBN10: 3540664661
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

In this treatise, current knowledge on the neurogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and regenerative capacity of descending supraspinal pathways in tetrapods is discussed. Although emphasis is on the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, chicken embryos, opossums and rodent data, also the data available for primates including man are presented. It will be shown that 1) the outgrowth of descending supraspinal pathways is the result of a coordinated program; 2) the pattern of early descending axonal tracts is similar in all vertebrate groups; 3) the formation of descending supraspinal pathways occurs according to a developmental sequence; 4) the earliest descending supraspinal fibers arrive in a rather immature spinal cord, and 5) the regenerative capacity of descending supraspinal pathways depends on the developmental stage the particular pathways arise.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(4)
Phylogenetic Constancy of Descending Supraspinal Pathways	1	(1)
Attractive Animal Models for Studies on the Development of Motor Systems	2	(1)
Axonal Pathfinding	2	(1)
Regenerative Capacity of Descending Supraspinal Pathways	3	(1)
Scope of the Present Review	4	(1)
Materials and Techniques	5	(4)
Cytoarchitectonic Analysis	5	(1)
Immunohistochemical Procedures	5	(1)
Tract-Tracing Studies	6	(1)
[3H]-Thymidine Studies	7	(2)
Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord in Tetrapods: A Brief Outline	9	(6)
Staging Systems	15	(12)
Systems for Staging Amphibian Embryos	15	(3)
Staging Chicken Embryos	18	(2)
Systems for Staging the Prenatal and Postnatal Development of Opossums	20	(3)
Systems for Staging Rodent and Primate Embryos	23	(4)
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Amphibians	27	(28)
Development and Regenerative Capacity of the Motor System in Urodeles	27	(5)
Development of Anurans: Two Motor Systems	32	(5)
Neurogenesis of Brainstem Motor Nuclei: Birthday Data in Xenopus laevis	37	(3)
Tract-Tracing Data in Anurans	40	(15)
Retrograde Tracer Data	40	(7)
The Ingrowth of Reticulospinal, Monoaminergic and Rubrospinal Fibers	47	(5)
Regenerative Capacity of Descending Brainstem Pathways	52	(3)
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Birds	55	(12)
Some Notes on the Development of the Avian Brain Stem and Spinal Cord	55	(2)
Birthday Studies in Chickens	57	(1)
Tract-Tracing Data in the Chicken Embryo	57	(10)
Retrograde Tracer Data	57	(5)
The Ingrowth and Synaptogenesis of Reticulospinal and Monoaminergic Fibers	62	(2)
Regenerative Capacity of Descending Brainstem Pathways	64	(3)
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways In Opossums	67	(12)
Some Notes on the Development of the CNS in Opossums	67	(1)
Birthday Studies	68	(1)
Tract-Tracing Data in Opossums	68	(11)
Retrograde Tracer Data	69	(2)
The Ingrowth of Reticulospinal, Monoaminergic and Rubrospinal Fibers	71	(3)
Regenerative Capacity of Descending Brainstem Pathways	74	(2)
Development of Corticospinal Projections in Opossums	76	(3)
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Placental Animals	79	(16)
Initial Tract Formation	79	(1)
Tract-Tracing Data in Rodents	79	(9)
Tract-Tracing Data in Cats	88	(3)
Tract-Tracing Data in Primates	91	(4)
Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Man	95	(8)
Some Notes on the Development of the Human Spinal Cord	95	(2)
Development of Descending Brainstem Pathways in Man	97	(3)
Development of Corticospinal Projections in Man	100	(3)
Concluding Remarks	103	(10)
The Outgrowth of Descending Supraspinal Pathways Is the Result of a Coordinated Program	103	(1)
The Pattern of Early Descending Axonal Tracts Is Similar in All Vertebrate Groups	104	(2)
The Formation of Descending Supraspinal Pathways Occurs According to a Developmental Sequence	106	(1)
The Earliest Descending Supraspinal Fibers Arrive in a Rather Immature Spinal Cord	107	(3)
The Regenerative Capacity of Descending Supraspinal Pathways Depends on Their Developmental Stage	110	(3)
Summary	113	(4)
References	117	(26)
Subject Index	143