Development In Theory And Practice: Paradigms And Paradoxes, Second Edition

by Black,Jan Knippers

• ISBN13: 9780813334462
• ISBN10: 0813334462
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1999-08-13
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

As wealthy countries focus more attention on the ravages of poverty and maldistribution of the world's resources, the rationales for what is or is not done in the name of "development" have become more elaborate and abstract. And as the literature has proliferated, communication among those who approach development from different perspectives, disciplines, and professions has become more strained. In this innovative text, Jan Black argues that what is missing is "appropriate theory" that can help place the findings of social scientists and seasoned development practitioners at the service of those who would promote a more equitable and empowering approach to development.In the first section, the author presents the differing and even contradictory definitions of development and the various explanatory models and means of measurement associated with them. This is followed by an analysis of the evolution of development strategies and programs both of the First Worlddonor countries and organizationsand of Third World leaders, movements, and regional organizations. The author highlights key issues in the development debate of the 1990s, including ecology, refugees, debt, the informal sector, and gender roles. In a final section, she addresses the process of development and illustrates, through a number of vignettes and case studies, the sometimes illusory links between motives and consequences. The second edition includes more paradoxes and case studies and increased coverage of refugees and indigenous peoples. More information on the new states in post-Soviet East and Central Europe is also incorporated.At a time when theoreticians and practitioners appear to occupy different worlds and speak different languages, and when a large number of developing countries seem to be falling into an irreversible cycle of debt and dependency, this book is particularly welcome and compelling.

Author Biography

Jan Knippers Black is a professor in the Graduate School of International Policy Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California. She has authored or edited and co-authored a dozen books, including Development in Theory and Practice: Paradigms and Paradoxes, Second Edition (Westview Press, 1999).

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xiii	(2)
Acknowledgments	xv
1 Introduction: In Pursuit of Appropriate Theory	1	(14)
Useful Fallacies	2	(6)
Assuming Progress
Patenting Modernism
Blaming the Victim Limiting the Options
Speaking in Tongues: The Communication Problem	8	(1)
Appropriate Technology and Appropriate Theory	9	(3)
Notes	12	(3)
Part One Development in Theory: Meanings and Models	15	(40)
2 Defining Development and Its Nemesis	15	(8)
Identifying the Problem	16	(1)
What Price "Progress"?	17	(2)
The Reckoning	19	(1)
Empowerment and Sustainability: An Alternate Vision	20	(1)
Notes	21	(1)
Suggested Readings	21	(2)
3 Explaining Development: Theories and Models	23	(17)
Assuming Harmonic Interests	24	(3)
Liberal Internationalist School
Development and Modernization Theorists
Cultural Causation
Interdependence
Assuming Discordant Interests	27	(3)
Marxism and Marxism-Leninism
Dependency Theory
The Center-Periphery Model and World Systems Theory
International Political Economy	30	(1)
The End of Debate	31	(5)
The Neoliberal Monologue
Dissidents, Heretics, and Outliers
Notes	36	(2)
Suggested Readings	38	(2)
4 Measurements and Findings	40	(15)
Aggregate Data and the Law of the Instrument	40	(3)
The Challenge of Intangibles	43	(8)
Modernization
Empowerment
Notes	51	(1)
Suggested Readings	52	(3)
Part Two Development in Practice: Actors and Strategies	55	(88)
5 Donor Strategies and Programs	55	(38)
U.S. Development and Foreign Assistance Policy	55	(17)
Security and Economic Interests
The Promising Ambivalence of Camelot
Fewer Carrots, More Sticks
"New Directions" for the 1970s
Privatization and Militarization
A Post-Cold War Face-Lift
U.S. Development Policy in Perspective
Other Donor States and Institutions	72	(10)
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Multilateral Financial Institutions
Trade and Investment Regimes and Rules
The United Nations and Its Affiliates	82	(3)
Nongovernmental Organizations	85	(4)
Notes	89	(2)
Suggested Readings	91	(2)
6 Third World Strategies	93	(25)
Import-Substitution Industrialization	94	(1)
Export-Led Growth	95	(7)
The East Asian Tigers and Cubs
The Meltdown of 1997 and Its Lessons
Implications for Export Promotion
Economic Integration	102	(5)
The Post-World War II Phase
The Post-Cold War Phase
Multilateral Bargaining	107	(3)
The LDC Caucus
NGO Networks
Resource Management and Commodity Cartels	110	(6)
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Other Producer Associations
Harnessing Energy: The Latin American Experience
Notes	116	(1)
Suggested Readings	116	(2)
7 Political Counterparts and Consequences	118	(25)
Revolutionary Strategies	119	(6)
Strategy and Circumstance
Making the Most of Motivation
Cuba: The Last Holdout
Options Closed, Lessons Learned
Counterrevolutionary Strategies	125	(7)
Political Demobilization
Economic Restructuring
Virtual Transition: The Chilean Model
Democracy in the New Order: The Absence of Accountability	132	(5)
Election to Office, Not to Power
Democracy as Blame Sharing
Notes	137	(1)
Suggested Readings	137	(6)
Part Three Development in Focus: Contemporary Issues and Themes	143	(46)
8 Development and the Gender Gap	143	(9)
Getting the Price Wrong	143	(1)
The Mixed Message of Modernization	144	(3)
The Burden Shifting of Structural Adjustment	147	(1)
Implications for Development	148	(2)
Notes	150	(1)
Suggested Readings	151	(1)
9 The Fragile Ecology of Mother Earth	152	(12)
Exporting Garbage	153	(2)
Sharing Hardships	155	(2)
Questions of Equity and Responsibility	157	(2)
Flunking the Millennial Review	159	(2)
Rio Plus Five
The Politics of Global Warming
Notes	161	(1)
Suggested Readings	162	(2)
10 Food Insecurity: Cocaine and Other Cash Crops	164	(7)
Making War on a Cash Crop	165	(2)
Trafficking in Food	167	(1)
The Agroexport Advantage	168	(1)
Notes	169	(1)
Suggested Readings	170	(1)
11 The Homeless, the Stateless, and the Indigenous	171	(7)
Refugees, Migrants, and Misfits	171	(3)
The Plight of the Indigenous	174	(1)
Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity	175	(1)
Notes	176	(1)
Suggested Readings	177	(1)
12 Macrodebt and Microcredit	178	(11)
Debt Crisis and Debt Maintenance	178	(4)
From Crisis to Treadmill
The Payoff for Creditors
The Catch-22 for Debtors
The Informal Sector	182	(1)
Microcredit and Microenterprise	183	(2)
Notes	185	(1)
Suggested Readings	186	(3)
Part Four The Process and the Protagonists: Paradoxes of Development	189	(82)
13 The Process: Games Developers Play	189	(23)
Paradox No. 1: In Public Affairs, No Matter How Bad Things Appear to Be, They're Actually Worse	190	(1)
Paradox No. 2: Were It Not for Wrong Reasons, There Would Be No Right Things Done	191	(2)
Paradox No. 3: To Every Solution There Is a Problem	193	(3)
Paradox No. 4: Development Programs Are Given Impetus, Not by Underdevelopment, but by the Fear of Development That Is Not Programmed from Above	196	(3)
Paradox No. 5: Credit Is Extended Mostly to Those Who Do Not Need It	199	(3)
Paradox No. 6: Third World Governments Are Weakened by the Lack of Pressures	202	(3)
Paradox No. 7: The Primary Beneficiaries of Rural Development Programs Are the Cities	205	(1)
Paradox No. 8: The Most Reliable Guardians of Any Ecosystem Are Those Who Do Not Have the Option of Leaving	206	(3)
Notes	209	(1)
Suggested Readings	210	(2)
14 The Protagonists: Donors, Clients, and Field Agents	212	(21)
Paradox No. 9: The Experts Are Always Wrong	213	(2)
Paradox No. 10: Rural Development Is a Process Whereby Affluent Urban-Dwellers Teach Poor Peasants How to Survive in the Countryside Without Money	215	(3)
Paradox No. 11: The More Important an Agency's Mission and the More Efficient Its Performance, the Sooner It Will Be Suppressed	218	(3)
Paradox No. 12: Sophistication in the Development Process Is Acquired and Program Continuity Maintained Not by Donor Institutions but by Client Organizations and Individuals	221	(3)
Paradox No. 13: In the Third World, There Is a Need for Technicians Who Are Less Well Trained	224	(2)
Paradox No. 14: Distance Unites	226	(2)
Paradox No. 15: In the Land of the Blind, the One-eyed Man Is a Subversive	228	(2)
Notes	230	(1)
Suggested Readings	231	(2)
15 On Motives and Consequences	233	(27)
Paradox No. 16: There Is No Such Thing as a System That Doesn't Work. Every System Works for Somebody	233	(5)
Paradox No. 17: The More Important the Decision, the Fewer and Less Well Informed Will Be Those Involved in Making It	238	(3)
Paradox No. 18: Before a People Can Determine Its Own Future, It Must Take Back Its Past	241	(3)
Paradox No. 19: Maintaining Stability at the Apex of a Sharply Graduated Social Pyramid Requires Perpetuating Instability at the Base	244	(3)
Paradox No. 20: Treating the Symptoms May Prolong the Disorder	247	(5)
Paradox No. 21: He Who Pays the Piper Does Not Necessarily Call the Tune	252	(3)
Paradox No. 22: Any Program That Pretends to Promote Organization and Self-Help on the Part of the Have-Nots Runs the Risk of Being Successful	255	(2)
Notes	257	(1)
Suggested Readings	258	(2)
16 Conclusion: Leaning on the Limits	260	(11)
The Heist of the Peace Dividend	261	(1)
The Specter of Globalization	262	(4)
Obstacles into Assets	266	(1)
Investing the Tribute	267	(2)
Notes	269	(2)
Appendix: Black's Laws of Public Affairs and Paradoxes of Development	271	(14)
Index	285