Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants

by Raghavan, V.

• ISBN13: 9780387987811
• ISBN10: 0387987819
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The study of plant development using molecular and genetic techniques is rapidly becoming one of the most active areas of research on flowering plants. The aim of this book is to present a sense of the accomplishments of the past and of the outstanding problems of the future in the study of plant development. An important feature of this book is the integration of results from molecular and genetic studies on various aspects of plant development in a cellular and physiological context. Of particular interest to readers will be the clear treatment of each landmark stage in the life cycle of plants such as seed germination, seedling growth, flowering, gametogenesis, pollen-pistil interactions, embryogenesis, fruit ripening, and seed and bud dormancy. The book also considers the development of individual plant organs such as the shoot, leaf, root and flowers as well as alternate developmental strategies of plants.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Abbreviations	xv
Introduction to Plant Developmental Biology	1	(6)
General References	3	(4)
PART 1 Seed to Seedling
Seed Germination	7	(18)
Nucleic Acid Metabolism	7	(6)
DNA Synthesis	8	(1)
RNA and Protein Synthesis	9	(1)
Long-Lived mRNA	10	(3)
Protein Metabolism	13	(3)
Use of Stored mRNAs for Protein Synthesis	14	(1)
Newly Synthesized mRNAs and Proteins	15	(1)
Mobilization of Stored Food Reserves	16	(6)
Regulation of α-Amylase Genes by Gibberellic Acid	17	(3)
Final Phases of Endosperm Dissolution	20	(1)
Interaction of Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid	21	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	22	(3)
Further Reading	22	(1)
References	22	(3)
Seedling Growth	25	(32)
Tropisms	26	(6)
Gravitropism	26	(4)
Phototropism	30	(1)
Thigmotropism	31	(1)
Photomorphogenesis of the Seedling	32	(8)
Hypocotyl and Internode Growth	33	(6)
Regulation of Photomorphogenesis	39	(1)
Hormonal Control of Seedling Growth	40	(8)
Auxins	40	(3)
Ethylene	43	(2)
Gibberellins	45	(1)
Cytokinins, Abscisic Acid, and Brassinosteroids	46	(1)
Apical Dominance	47	(1)
Gene Expression During Seedling Growth	48	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	48	(9)
Further Reading	49	(1)
References	49	(8)
PART 2 Seedling to the Adult Plant
Growth and Differentiation of the Shoot	57	(19)
Organization of the Shoot Apex	58	(8)
Cytological and Molecular Analysis of the Shoot Apical Meristem	58	(7)
Autonomy of the Meristem	65	(1)
Regulation of Cell Fate in the Meristem	66	(2)
Tissue Differentiation in the Shoot	68	(5)
Vascular Tissue Differentiation in the Shoot Apex	69	(1)
Xylem Regeneration in Stem Internodes, Calluses, and Isolated Cells	70	(2)
Phloem Differentiation	72	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	73	(3)
Further Reading	73	(1)
References	73	(3)
Leaf Growth and Differentiation	76	(29)
Leaf Determination and Development	76	(9)
Determination of Leaf Primordia	78	(4)
Postinitiation Development of Leaves	82	(3)
Evolution of Leaf Form	85	(4)
Heteroblasty	86	(2)
Heterophylly	88	(1)
Differentiation of Leaf Cells	89	(9)
Epidermis	89	(5)
Mesophyll	94	(4)
Senescence and Abscission of Leaves	98	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	100	(5)
Further Reading	101	(1)
References	101	(4)
Root Growth and Development	105	(40)
The Root Apical Meristem	106	(9)
Autonomy of the Root Apical Meristem	110	(1)
Pattern Formation in the Root Meristem	111	(2)
Cell Division, Cell Expansion, and Cell Elongation in the Root Meristem	113	(2)
Differentiation of the Root	115	(14)
Vascular Tissue Differentiation	116	(3)
Root Hair Formation	119	(5)
Lateral Root Initiation	124	(5)
Regulation of Root Growth	129	(2)
Root--Microbe Interactions	131	(5)
Summary and Conclusions	136	(9)
Further Reading	136	(1)
References	136	(9)
PART 3 Reproduction
Floral Evocation and Development of the Floral Meristem	145	(24)
Acquisition of the Competence to Flower	146	(7)
Control of Floral Meristem Identity	149	(3)
Floral Evocation in Differentiated Cells	152	(1)
Physiology of Floral Evocation	153	(6)
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering	154	(4)
Temperature Control of Flowering	158	(1)
Molecular Control of Floral Evocation	159	(5)
Cellular Changes During Evocation	160	(2)
Isolation of Genes Involved in Flowering	162	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	164	(5)
Further Reading	165	(1)
References	165	(4)
Formation of Floral Organs	169	(17)
Determination of Floral Organs	170	(5)
Genetics of Floral Organ Determination	172	(1)
Organ Determination in Unisexual Flowers	173	(1)
Floral-Organ-Specific Polypeptides	174	(1)
Homeotic Mutants	175	(7)
Manipulation of Floral Organ Differentiation in Arabidopsis	175	(3)
Homeotic Mutations in Antirrhinum and Other Plants	178	(3)
Cloning and Characterization of Floral-Organ-Identity Genes	181	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	182	(4)
Further Reading	183	(1)
References	183	(3)
Microsporogenesis and Formation of the Male Gametophyte	186	(30)
Anther Differentiation	187	(7)
Tapetum	189	(3)
Microsporogenesis	192	(2)
Pollen Development and Maturation	194	(9)
The First Pollen Mitosis	195	(2)
Gene Expression During Pollen Development	197	(5)
Male Sterility and Pollen Abortion	202	(1)
Male Gametogenesis	203	(7)
Division of the Generative Cell and Formation of the Male Germ Unit	204	(1)
Pollen Germination	205	(2)
Structure and Growth of the Pollen Tube	207	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	210	(6)
Further Reading	211	(1)
References	211	(5)
Megasporogenesis and Formation of the Embryo Sac	216	(12)
Ovule Determination and Development	216	(4)
Megasporogenesis	220	(1)
Organization of the Embryo Sac	221	(5)
Structure of the Embryo Sac Cells	223	(1)
Gene Function During Megagametogenesis	224	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	226	(2)
Further Reading	226	(1)
References	226	(2)
Pollen--Pistil Interactions and Fertilization	228	(23)
Pollen--Stigma Interactions and Pollen Tube Guidance	229	(5)
Pollen Recognition by the Stigma	229	(2)
Pollen Tube Traffic in the Style	231	(2)
The Final Push: Guidance of Pollen Tubes to the Ovules	233	(1)
Self-Incompatibility	234	(6)
Structural and Biochemical Aspects	235	(1)
Molecular Aspects of Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility	236	(2)
Molecular Aspects of Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility	238	(2)
Double Fertilization	240	(2)
In Vitro Fertilization	242	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	243	(8)
Further Reading	245	(1)
References	245	(6)
PART 4 Seed and Fruit Formation
Endosperm Development and Embryogenesis	251	(29)
Endosperm	252	(3)
Embryo	255	(6)
Becoming Multicellular	255	(4)
Ultrastructural and Nuclear Cytology	259	(1)
Cell Lineage During Late Embryo Development	260	(1)
Nutrition and Growth of Embryos	261	(3)
Heterotrophic Nutrition	261	(2)
Embryo Culture	263	(1)
Gene Action During Embryogenesis	264	(7)
Changes in Gene Expression Programs	264	(3)
Embryo-Defective Mutants	267	(2)
Embryo-Pattern Mutants	269	(2)
Storage Proteins of the Endosperm and the Embryo	271	(4)
Endosperm Storage Proteins	272	(1)
Embryo Storage Proteins	273	(1)
Storage Protein Gene Expression in Transgenic Systems	274	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	275	(5)
Further Reading	275	(1)
References	276	(4)
Fruit Growth and Ripening	280	(12)
Fruit Growth	281	(2)
Fruit Ripening	283	(5)
Biochemistry of Ripening	283	(1)
Molecular Biology of Ripening	284	(4)
Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening	288	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	289	(3)
Further Reading	289	(1)
References	289	(3)
Dormancy of Seeds and Buds	292	(17)
Induction of Dormancy in Seeds	292	(6)
Development of Dormancy	293	(3)
Role of ABA in Seed Desiccation and Dormancy	296	(1)
Gene Expression During Dormancy	297	(1)
Overcoming Seed Dormancy	298	(3)
After-Ripening of Seeds	299	(1)
Phytochrome Control	300	(1)
Bud Dormancy	301	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	302	(7)
Further Reading	302	(1)
References	303	(6)
PART 5 Alternative Developmental Strategies
Embryogenic Development of Somatic Cells and Pollen Grains	309	(14)
Somatic Embryogenesis	310	(6)
Role of Secreted Molecules	311	(1)
Role of Embryonic Proteins	312	(2)
Genetic and Molecular Dissection of Somatic Embryogenesis	314	(2)
Pollen Embryogenesis	316	(4)
Cytology of Pollen Embryogenesis	317	(1)
Genetics and Molecular Biology of Pollen Embryogenesis	317	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	320	(3)
Further Reading	321	(1)
References	321	(2)
Abnormal Plant Growth	323	(16)
Callus Morphogenesis	323	(3)
Crown Gall Tumors	326	(7)
Role of the Ti Plasmid	326	(1)
The Process of T-DNA Transfer	327	(2)
T-DNA Genes and Tumor Phenotypes	329	(2)
Mediation of Growth Hormones in Oncogenic Functions	331	(1)
Crown Gall Teratomas and Tumor Reversal	332	(1)
Hairy Root Disease	333	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	334	(5)
Further Reading	334	(1)
References	334	(5)
Index	339