Deviant Behavior

by Thio, Alex

• ISBN13: 9780205454785
• ISBN10: 020545478X
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This best-selling book offers comprehensive coverage of all aspects of deviance and is noted for its blend of style and substance.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Author	xix
PART ONE Perspectives and Theories	1	(56)
What Is Deviant Behavior?	3	(15)
Conflicting Definitions	4	(1)
The Positivist Perspective	5	(3)
Absolutism: Deviance as Absolutely Real	5	(1)
Objectivism: Deviance as an Observable Object	6	(1)
Determinism: Deviance as Determined Behavior	7	(1)
The Constructionist Perspective	8	(3)
Relativism: Deviance as a Label	9	(1)
Subjectivism: Deviance as a Subjective Experience	9	(1)
Voluntarism: Deviance as a Voluntary Act	10	(1)
An Integrated View	11	(3)
A Word about Deviance and Crime	14	(1)
Summary	15	(1)
Further Reading	16	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	17	(1)
Positivist Theories	18	(18)
Anomie-Strain Theory	19	(7)
Merton: The Goal--Means Gap	19	(3)
Cohen: Status Frustration	22	(1)
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Illegitimate Opportunity	23	(1)
Recent Developments	24	(1)
Evaluating Anomie-Strain Theory	25	(1)
Social Learning Theory	26	(3)
Sutherland: Differential Association	26	(1)
Glaser: Differential Identification	27	(1)
Burgess and Akers: Differential Reinforcement	27	(1)
Evaluating Social Learning Theory	28	(1)
Control Theory	29	(4)
Hirschi: Social Bond and Self-Control	29	(1)
Braithwaite: Reintegrative Shaming	30	(1)
The Deterrence Doctrine	31	(1)
Evaluating Control Theory	32	(1)
Summary	33	(1)
Further Reading	34	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	35	(1)
Constructionist Theories	36	(21)
Labeling Theory	37	(4)
A Version of Symbolic Interactionism	37	(1)
Who Labels Whom?	38	(1)
Consequences of Labeling	38	(2)
Evaluating Labeling Theory	40	(1)
Phenomenological Theory	41	(3)
Critique of Positivism	41	(1)
Subjectivism as the Key to Deviant Reality	42	(1)
Ethnography: An Application of Phenomenology	42	(2)
Evaluating Phenomenological Theory	44	(1)
Conflict Theory	44	(10)
Legal Reality Theory	45	(1)
Social Reality Theory	46	(2)
Marxist Theory	48	(1)
Feminist Theory	49	(1)
Power Theory	50	(1)
Postmodernist Theory	51	(1)
Evaluating Conflict Theory	52	(2)
Summary	54	(1)
Further Reading	54	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	55	(2)
PART TWO Interpersonal Violence	57	(86)
Physical Violence	59	(31)
Assault and Aggravated Assault	60	(1)
Who Is More Likely to Kill?	60	(4)
Class and Race	61	(1)
Regions, Large Cities, and Rural Areas	61	(1)
Gender and Age	62	(2)
Patterns of Killing	64	(2)
Time of Killing	64	(1)
Place of Killing	65	(1)
Method of Killing	65	(1)
Characteristics of Homicide	66	(4)
Warm-Blooded Murder	66	(1)
Doing the Victim a Favor	67	(1)
Winning a Trivial Argument	68	(1)
An Adjunct to Suicide	69	(1)
Mass and Serial Murder	70	(3)
Social Profile: Serial Killers	72	(1)
Global Perspective: Homicide	72	(1)
School Violence	73	(1)
Stalking and Cyberstalking	74	(2)
Hate Killing	76	(1)
Genocide	77	(1)
Terrorism	78	(3)
The September 11 Attacks	78	(1)
Terrorism in Cyberspace	79	(1)
The War on Terrorism	80	(1)
Why Do People Kill?	81	(2)
External Restraint Theory	81	(1)
Subculture of Violence Theory	82	(1)
Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?	83	(4)
Summary	87	(1)
Further Reading	88	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	89	(1)
Rape and Child Molestation	90	(30)
Patterns of Rape	91	(7)
Racial, Age, and Situational Factors	91	(1)
Planning and Execution	92	(1)
Gang Rape	93	(1)
Acquaintance Rape	94	(2)
Campus Rape	96	(1)
The Myth of Victim Precipitation	97	(1)
Consequences of Rape	98	(3)
The Rape Survivor's Response	98	(1)
The Feeling of Being Raped Again	99	(2)
The Culture of Rape	101	(5)
Treating Women Like Men's Property	101	(2)
Using Women in Men's Masculinity Contests	103	(2)
The Myth That Women Ask for It	105	(1)
Socializing Girls to Be Victims	106	(1)
Why Men Rape Women	106	(4)
Global Perspective: Wartime Rape	107	(1)
Psychological Theory: Sexual Inadequacy	107	(1)
Social Psychological Theory: Sexual Permissiveness	108	(1)
Feminist Theory: Gender Inequality	109	(1)
Males as Victims	110	(4)
Inside the Prison	110	(1)
Outside the Prison	111	(2)
Can Women Rape Men?	113	(1)
Child Molestation	114	(3)
Some Basic Facts	114	(1)
Social Profile: Child Molesters	114	(1)
Molesting Boys	115	(1)
The Scandal of Pedophile Priests	116	(1)
Summary	117	(1)
Further Reading	118	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	119	(1)
Family Violence	120	(23)
Myths about Family Violence	121	(1)
Myth 1: Family Violence Hits the Poor Only	121	(1)
Myth 2: Violence and Love Cannot Happen Together	121	(1)
Myth 3: Most Abused Children Grow Up to Be Abusive Parents	122	(1)
Myth 4: Alcohol and Drugs Are Involved in Most Family Violence	122	(1)
The Extent of Family Violence	122	(1)
Marital Rape	123	(2)
The Nature of Marital Rape	123	(1)
Causes of Marital Rape	124	(1)
Wife Beating	125	(2)
The Nature of Wife Beating	125	(1)
Why Don't Some Battered Wives Leave?	126	(1)
Causes of Wife Beating	127	(1)
Child Abuse	127	(4)
The Nature of Child Abuse	128	(1)
Causes of Child Abuse	129	(1)
Global Perspective: Female Genital Mutilation	130	(1)
Elder Abuse	131	(3)
The Nature of Elder Abuse	132	(1)
Causes of Elder Abuse	132	(2)
Social Profile: Family Abusers	134	(1)
Theories of Family Violence	134	(1)
Social Learning Theory	135	(1)
Stress Theory	135	(1)
Exchange Theory	135	(1)
Social Responses to Family Violence	135	(3)
Protecting Women	136	(1)
Protecting Children	136	(1)
Protecting Elders	137	(1)
Summary	138	(2)
Further Reading	140	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	141	(2)
PART THREE Self-Targeted Deviance	143	(68)
Suicide	145	(30)
Varieties of Suicidal Experiences	146	(4)
Threatening Suicide	146	(1)
Attempting Suicide	147	(1)
Committing Suicide	148	(2)
Groups with Higher Suicide Rates	150	(7)
Residents in Rural, Wide-Open Areas	151	(1)
Whites	151	(1)
The Less Religious	152	(1)
Males	153	(1)
The Divorced	154	(1)
Older People	154	(2)
The Relatively Well-Off	156	(1)
Social Profile: Suicide Bombers	157	(1)
Situational Factors in Suicide	157	(4)
Going through Adolescence	158	(1)
Going to College	159	(1)
Being in Prison	159	(1)
Being Stricken with AIDS	160	(1)
Under Media Influence	161	(1)
Social Responses to Suicide	161	(5)
Survivors' Reactions	162	(1)
Advocating Suicide	163	(1)
Preventing Suicide	164	(1)
Global Perspective: Suicide	165	(1)
Sociological Theories of Suicide	166	(5)
Classical Durkheimian Theory	166	(2)
A Modern Durkheimian Theory	168	(1)
Phenomenological Theories	169	(2)
Summary	171	(2)
Further Reading	173	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	174	(1)
Mental Disorder	175	(36)
Popular Myths	176	(1)
Types of Mental Disorder	177	(6)
Traditional Classification	178	(3)
DSM-IV Classification	181	(2)
Social Factors in Mental Disorder	183	(7)
Social Class	183	(1)
Gender	184	(1)
Young Age	185	(1)
Social Profile: Depressed Teens	186	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	186	(1)
Urban Environment	187	(1)
September 11	188	(1)
Global Perspective: Mental Disorder	189	(1)
Societal Responses to Mental Disorder	190	(8)
Historical Background	190	(2)
The Public	192	(1)
The Court	193	(2)
The Mental Hospital	195	(2)
The Community Mental Health Center	197	(1)
Perspectives on Mental Disorder	198	(8)
The Medical Model	199	(1)
The Psychosocial Model	200	(2)
The Labeling Model	202	(4)
Summary	206	(2)
Further Reading	208	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	209	(2)
PART FOUR Diverse Lifestyles	211	(70)
Heterosexual Deviance	213	(35)
Teen Sex	214	(1)
Extramarital Sex	215	(3)
Seductive Myths	215	(1)
Cultural Variations	216	(1)
Social Factors	217	(1)
Pornography	218	(2)
The Porn Industry	218	(1)
The Effects of Pornography	219	(1)
Sexual Deviance in Cyberspace	220	(4)
Cybersex	221	(1)
Cyberporn	222	(1)
Social Profile: Cyberporn Surfers	223	(1)
Phone Sex	224	(1)
Nude Dancing	224	(1)
Sexual Harassment	225	(1)
The World of Prostitution	226	(15)
Myths about Prostitution	227	(1)
Types of Prostitutes	228	(4)
Social and Sexual Backgrounds	232	(1)
Reasons for Becoming Prostitutes	232	(1)
The Threat of AIDS from Customers	233	(1)
The Subculture of Prostitution	234	(1)
Other Participants in Prostitution	235	(3)
Societal Reaction to Prostitution	238	(2)
Global Perspective: Prostitution	240	(1)
Theories of Prostitution	241	(3)
Functionalist Theory	241	(1)
Feminist Theory	242	(1)
Social Psychological Theory	243	(1)
Summary	244	(2)
Further Reading	246	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	247	(1)
Gays and Other Victims of Stigma	248	(33)
Myths about Homosexuality	249	(1)
Gays and Lesbians	250	(11)
How Many Are There?	251	(1)
What Are Gays Like?	252	(1)
What Are Lesbians Like?	253	(1)
Coming Out	254	(2)
Gay and Lesbian Lifestyles	256	(2)
Theories of Homosexuality	258	(3)
Same-Sex Practices among Straights and Bisexuals	261	(3)
Trades	261	(1)
Street Hustlers	261	(1)
Situationals	262	(1)
Bisexuals	263	(1)
Homophobia	264	(7)
The Homophobic View of Homosexuality	264	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Homophobia	265	(1)
The Impact of Homophobia	266	(1)
Social Profile: Homophobes	267	(1)
AIDS, Gays, and Straights	267	(1)
Fighting Homophobia	268	(2)
Global Perspective: Homophobia	270	(1)
Other Victims of Social Stigma	271	(6)
Transgenderists: Transsexuals, Intersexuals, and Transvestites	271	(1)
People with Physical Disabilities	272	(2)
The Obese	274	(1)
The Tattooed	275	(2)
Summary	277	(1)
Further Reading	278	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	279	(2)
PART FIVE Substance Use and Abuse	281	(66)
Legal and Illegal Drug Use	283	(34)
Drug Use in Perspective	284	(1)
Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and Users	285	(9)
Marijuana	285	(2)
Heroin	287	(2)
Cocaine and Crack	289	(2)
Meth and Roofies	291	(1)
Ecstasy	292	(2)
Social Dimensions of Drug Use	294	(4)
The Extent of Drug Use	294	(1)
Moral Panic: Societal Reaction to Drug Use	294	(2)
Drugs and AIDS	296	(1)
Drugs and Crime	296	(1)
Drugs and Socioeconomic Status	297	(1)
Becoming a Drug User	298	(3)
Social Profile: Illegal Drug Users	300	(1)
What Causes Illegal Drug Use?	301	(3)
Economic Deprivation Theory	301	(1)
Cognitive Association Theory	302	(1)
Social Psychological Theory	303	(1)
The War on Drugs	304	(5)
Historical Pattern	304	(2)
Punitive Strategy: Law Enforcement	306	(1)
Debate over Legalizing Drugs	306	(1)
Supportive Strategy: Prevention and Treatment	307	(2)
Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin	309	(2)
Smoking Cigarettes	311	(2)
Global Perspective: Smoking	312	(1)
Summary	313	(2)
Further Reading	315	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	316	(1)
Drinking and Alcoholism	317	(30)
The Extent of Drinking and Alcoholism	318	(1)
Myths about Alcohol Abuse	318	(1)
What Alcohol Does to Its Users	319	(4)
Mental and Physical Impact	320	(1)
Health Effects	321	(1)
Social Consequences	322	(1)
Social Factors in Drinking	323	(6)
Gender and Age	323	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Background	324	(2)
Religious Affiliation	326	(1)
Socioeconomic Status	326	(1)
Regional Location	327	(1)
Global Perspective: Drinking	328	(1)
What Is Alcoholism?	329	(1)
Becoming an Alcoholic	330	(2)
Social Drinker	330	(1)
Psychologically Addicted	331	(1)
Physically Addicted	331	(1)
Hitting Bottom	331	(1)
College Students and Alcohol	332	(2)
Binge Drinking in College	332	(1)
Social Profile: College Binge Drinkers	333	(1)
Women and Alcohol	334	(2)
Why More Women Drink Today	334	(1)
Alcoholism among Women	335	(1)
What Causes Alcoholism?	336	(4)
A Biological Predisposition	336	(1)
The Alcoholic Personality	337	(1)
Social and Cultural Forces	338	(2)
Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse	340	(4)
Legal Measures	340	(1)
Therapeutic Approaches	341	(3)
Summary	344	(1)
Further Reading	345	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	346	(1)
PART SIX Inequality in Deviance	347	(56)
Privileged Deviance	349	(31)
What Is White-Collar Deviance?	350	(1)
Corporate Deviance	351	(7)
Deviance against Employees	351	(1)
Deviance against Customers	352	(4)
Deviance against the Government	356	(1)
Deviance against the Environment	356	(1)
Social Profile: Corporate Crooks	357	(1)
Occupational Deviance	358	(7)
Employee Theft	359	(1)
Embezzlement	360	(1)
Financial Frauds	361	(1)
Profitable Computer Crimes	361	(1)
Deviance in the Professions	362	(3)
What Makes White-Collar Deviance Unique?	365	(2)
The Deviant's Respectable Self-Image	365	(1)
The Victim's Unwitting Cooperation	366	(1)
Society's Relative Indifference	366	(1)
Causes of White-Collar Deviance	367	(2)
Deviant Motivation: Fear of Loss and Greed for Gain	367	(1)
Deviant Opportunity: The Benefit of High Position and Power	368	(1)
Weak Social Control: Lax Law Enforcement	369	(1)
Governmental Deviance	369	(4)
Political Corruption	370	(1)
Election Improprieties	371	(1)
Official Violence	372	(1)
Global Perspective: Official Corruption	372	(1)
Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance	373	(2)
Denying the Obvious	373	(1)
Ignoring the Deviance	374	(1)
Accusing the Accuser	374	(1)
Promising to Take Action	374	(1)
Justifying the Deviance	375	(1)
Causes of Governmental Deviance	375	(2)
Superabundance of Ambiguous Laws	375	(1)
Governmental Complexity and Power	376	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
Further Reading	378	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	379	(1)
Underprivileged Deviance	380	(23)
Robbery	381	(6)
Robbery as a Property Crime	381	(1)
Robbery as a Violent Crime	382	(1)
Patterns of Robbery	383	(2)
Amateur and Professional Robbers	385	(1)
Causes of Robbery	386	(1)
Auto Theft and Carjacking	387	(2)
Characteristics and Trends	388	(1)
Causes	388	(1)
Burglary	389	(2)
Modus Operandi	389	(1)
Causes of Burglary	390	(1)
Shoplifting	391	(1)
Social Profile: Shoplifters	391	(1)
Causes of Shoplifting	392	(1)
Organized Crime	392	(7)
Organizational Structure	393	(1)
Organized Crime Activities	393	(2)
Ethnicity and Organized Crime	395	(2)
The War on Organized Crime in the United States	397	(1)
Global Perspective: Organized Crime	398	(1)
Summary	399	(2)
Further Reading	401	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	401	(2)
References	403	(32)
Name Index	435	(10)
Subject Index	445