Deviant Behavior

by Thio, Alex

• ISBN13: 9780205512584
• ISBN10: 0205512585
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This best-selling text offers comprehensive coverage of all aspects of deviance and is noted for its blend of style and substance. Deviant Behaviorcovers a wide spectrum of theories of deviance, and analyzes numerous specific deviant behaviors. The author uses an abundance of research data, including many that debunk our common assumptions about deviant behavior. Students are exposed to the full range of theories and data about deviance, and are challenged to think about and evaluate their own biases and preconceptions.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
About the Author	p. xvii
Perspectives and Theories	p. 1
What Is Deviant Behavior?	p. 3
Conflicting Definitions	p. 4
The Positivist Perspective	p. 5
Absolutism: Deviance as Absolutely Real	p. 5
Objectivism: Deviance as an Observable Object	p. 6
Determinism: Deviance as Determined Behavior	p. 7
The Constructionist Perspective	p. 8
Relativism: Deviance as a Label	p. 8
Subjectivism: Deviance as a Subjective Experience	p. 9
Voluntarism: Deviance as a Voluntary Act	p. 10
An Integrated View	p. 11
A Word about Deviance and Crime	p. 13
Summary	p. 14
Further Reading	p. 15
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 15
Positivist Theories	p. 16
Anomie-Strain Theory	p. 17
Merton: The Goal-Means Gap	p. 17
Cohen: Status Frustration	p. 20
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Illegitimate Opportunity	p. 21
Recent Developments	p. 22
Evaluating Anomie-Strain Theory	p. 23
Social Learning Theory	p. 23
Sutherland: Differential Association	p. 24
Glaser: Differential Identification	p. 24
Burgess and Akers: Differential Reinforcement	p. 25
Evaluating Social Learning Theory	p. 25
Control Theory	p. 26
Hirschi, Gottfredson, and Tittle: Social Bond, Self-Control, and Control Balance	p. 27
Braithwaite: Reintegrative Shaming	p. 27
The Deterrence Doctrine	p. 28
Evaluating Control Theory	p. 29
Summary	p. 30
Further Reading	p. 31
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 32
Constructionist Theories	p. 33
Labeling Theory	p. 34
A Version of Symbolic Interactionism	p. 34
Who Labels Whom?	p. 35
Consequences of Labeling	p. 35
Evaluating Labeling Theory	p. 37
Phenomenological Theory	p. 37
Critique of Positivism	p. 38
Subjectivism as the Key to Deviant Reality	p. 38
Ethnography: An Application of Phenomenology	p. 39
Evaluating Phenomenological Theory	p. 40
Conflict Theory	p. 41
Legal Reality Theory	p. 41
Social Reality Theory	p. 42
Marxist Theory	p. 44
Feminist Theory	p. 45
Power Theory	p. 46
Postmodernist Theory	p. 47
Evaluating Conflict Theory	p. 48
Summary	p. 49
Further Reading	p. 50
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 51
Interpersonal Violence	p. 53
Physical Violence	p. 55
Assault and Aggravated Assault	p. 57
Who Is More Likely to Kill?	p. 57
Class and Race	p. 58
Regions, Large Cities, and Rural Areas	p. 58
Gender and Age	p. 59
Patterns of Killing	p. 60
Time of Killing	p. 61
Place of Killing	p. 61
Method of Killing	p. 62
Characteristics of Homicide	p. 63
Warm-Blooded Murder	p. 63
Doing the Victim a Favor	p. 64
Winning a Trivial Argument	p. 64
An Adjunct to Suicide	p. 66
Mass and Serial Murder	p. 67
A Social Profile of Serial Killers	p. 68
A Global Perspective on Homicide	p. 69
School Violence	p. 69
Stalking	p. 70
Hate Killing	p. 71
Genocide	p. 72
Terrorism	p. 73
The September 11 Attacks	p. 73
The War on Terrorism	p. 74
Why Do People Kill?	p. 75
External Restraint Theory	p. 76
Subculture of Violence Theory	p. 77
Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?	p. 77
Summary	p. 81
Further Reading	p. 82
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 83
Rape and Child Molestation	p. 84
Patterns of Rape	p. 86
Racial, Age, and Situational Factors	p. 86
Planning and Execution	p. 87
Gang Rape	p. 88
Acquaintance Rape	p. 89
Campus Rape	p. 90
The Myth of Victim Precipitation	p. 91
Consequences of Rape	p. 92
The Rape Survivor's Response	p. 93
The Feeling of Being Raped Again	p. 94
The Culture of Rape	p. 95
Treating Women Like Men's Property	p. 95
Using Women in Men's Masculinity Contests	p. 97
The Myth That Women Ask for It	p. 98
Socializing Girls to Be Victims	p. 99
A Global Perspective on Wartime Rape	p. 100
Why Men Rape Women	p. 101
Psychological Theory: Sexual Inadequacy	p. 101
Social Psychological Theory: Sexual Permissiveness	p. 102
Feminist Theory: Gender Inequality	p. 103
Males as Victims	p. 103
Inside the Prison	p. 103
Outside the Prison	p. 105
Can Women Rape Men?	p. 105
Child Molestation	p. 107
Some Basic Facts	p. 107
A Social Profile of Child Molesters	p. 107
Molesting Boys	p. 108
The Scandal of Pedophile Priests	p. 108
Summary	p. 110
Further Reading	p. 111
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 111
Family Violence	p. 112
Myths about Family Violence	p. 114
Family Violence Hits the Poor Only	p. 114
Violence and Love Cannot Happen Together	p. 114
Most Abused Children Grow Up to Be Abusive Parents	p. 115
Alcohol and Drugs Are Involved in Most Family Violence	p. 115
The Extent of Family Violence	p. 115
Marital Rape	p. 116
The Nature of Marital Rape	p. 116
Causes of Marital Rape	p. 117
Wife Beating	p. 118
The Nature of Wife Beating	p. 118
Why Don't Some Battered Wives Leave?	p. 119
Causes of Wife Beating	p. 120
Child Abuse	p. 120
The Nature of Child Abuse	p. 120
Causes of Child Abuse	p. 122
Female Genital Mutilation	p. 123
Elder Abuse	p. 124
The Nature of Elder Abuse	p. 124
Causes of Elder Abuse	p. 125
A Social Profile of Family Abusers	p. 126
A Global Perspective on Family Violence	p. 127
Theories of Family Violence	p. 128
Social Learning Theory	p. 128
Stress Theory	p. 128
Exchange Theory	p. 128
Social Responses to Family Violence	p. 129
Protecting Women	p. 129
Protecting Children	p. 130
Protecting Elders	p. 130
Summary	p. 131
Further Reading	p. 133
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 134
Self-Destructive Deviance	p. 135
Suicide	p. 137
Varieties of Suicidal Experiences	p. 140
Threatening Suicide	p. 140
Attempting Suicide	p. 140
Committing Suicide	p. 141
Groups with Higher Suicide Rates	p. 143
Residents in Rural, Wide-Open Areas	p. 144
Whites	p. 145
The Less Religious	p. 145
Males	p. 146
The Divorced or Single	p. 147
Older People	p. 147
The Relatively Well-Off	p. 148
A Social Profile of Suicide Bombers	p. 149
Situational Factors in Suicide	p. 150
Going through Adolescence	p. 150
Going to College	p. 151
Being in Prison	p. 152
Being Stricken with AIDS	p. 152
Under Media Influence	p. 153
A Global Perspective on Suicide	p. 154
Social Responses to Suicide	p. 155
Survivors' Reactions	p. 155
Advocating Suicide	p. 156
Preventing Suicide	p. 157
Sociological Theories of Suicide	p. 158
Classical Durkheimian Theory	p. 158
A Modern Durkheimian Theory	p. 160
Phenomenological Theories	p. 161
Summary	p. 163
Further Reading	p. 164
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 165
Mental Disorder	p. 166
Popular Beliefs	p. 168
Types of Mental Disorder	p. 169
Traditional Classification	p. 170
DSM-IV Classification	p. 173
Social Factors in Mental Disorder	p. 175
Social Class	p. 175
Gender	p. 176
Young Age	p. 176
A Social Profile of Depressed Teens	p. 177
Race and Ethnicity	p. 178
Urban Environment	p. 179
September 11	p. 179
A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder	p. 180
Societal Responses to Mental Disorder	p. 181
Historical Background	p. 181
The Public	p. 183
The Court	p. 184
The Mental Hospital	p. 186
The Community Mental Health Center	p. 188
Perspectives on Mental Disorder	p. 189
The Medical Model	p. 189
The Psychosocial Model	p. 190
The Labeling Model	p. 192
Summary	p. 196
Further Reading	p. 197
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 198
Diverse Lifestyles	p. 199
Heterosexual Deviance	p. 201
Teen Sex	p. 203
Extramarital Sex	p. 204
Seductive Myths	p. 204
Cultural Variations	p. 205
Social Factors	p. 205
A Social Profile of Swingers	p. 206
Pornography	p. 208
The Porn Industry	p. 208
The Effects of Pornography	p. 209
Phone Sex	p. 211
Nude Dancing	p. 211
Sexual Harassment	p. 212
The World of Prostitution	p. 213
Myths about Prostitution	p. 214
Types of Prostitutes	p. 214
Social and Sexual Backgrounds	p. 218
Reasons for Becoming Prostitutes	p. 219
The Threat of AIDS from Customers	p. 219
The Subculture of Prostitution	p. 220
Other Participants in Prostitution	p. 222
Societal Reaction to Prostitution	p. 224
A Global Perspective on Prostitution	p. 226
Theories of Prostitution	p. 226
Functionalist Theory	p. 227
Feminist Theory	p. 227
Social Psychological Theory	p. 228
Summary	p. 229
Further Reading	p. 231
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 232
Gays and Other Victims of Stigma	p. 233
Myths about Homosexuality	p. 235
Gays and Lesbians	p. 236
How Many Are There?	p. 237
What Are Gays Like?	p. 238
What Are Lesbians Like?	p. 239
Coming Out	p. 240
Gay and Lesbian Lifestyles	p. 241
Theories of Homosexuality	p. 244
Same-Sex Practices among Straights and Bisexuals	p. 246
Trades	p. 246
Street Hustlers	p. 246
Situationals	p. 247
Bisexuals	p. 248
Homophobia	p. 248
The Homophobic View of Homosexuality	p. 249
The Nature and Extent of Homophobia	p. 250
A Social Profile of Homophobes	p. 250
The Impact of Homophobia	p. 251
AIDS, Gays, and Straights	p. 252
Fighting Homophobia	p. 253
A Global Perspective on Homophobia	p. 254
Other Victims of Social Stigma	p. 255
Transgenderists: Transsexuals, Intersexuals, and Transvestites	p. 255
People with Physical Disabilities	p. 256
The Obese	p. 258
The Tattooed	p. 259
Summary	p. 261
Further Reading	p. 262
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 263
Substance Use and Abuse	p. 265
Drug Use	p. 267
Drug Use in Perspective	p. 269
Illegal Drugs: Their Effects and Users	p. 270
Marijuana	p. 270
Heroin	p. 272
Cocaine and Crack	p. 274
Meth and Roofies	p. 276
Ecstasy	p. 277
Social Dimensions of Drug Use	p. 278
The Extent of Drug Use	p. 278
Moral Panic: Societal Reaction to Drug Use	p. 279
Drugs and AIDS	p. 280
Drugs and Crime	p. 280
Drugs and Socioeconomic Status	p. 281
Becoming a Drug User	p. 282
A Social Profile of Illegal Drug Users	p. 284
What Causes Illegal Drug Use?	p. 284
Economic Deprivation Theory	p. 285
Cognitive Association Theory	p. 286
Social Psychological Theory	p. 286
The War on Drugs	p. 287
Historical Pattern	p. 288
Punitive Strategy: Law Enforcement	p. 289
Debate over Legalizing Drugs	p. 289
Supportive Strategy: Prevention and Treatment	p. 290
Abusing Prescription Drugs, Particularly OxyContin	p. 292
Smoking Cigarettes	p. 294
A Global Perspective on Smoking	p. 295
Summary	p. 296
Further Reading	p. 297
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 298
Drinking and Alcoholism	p. 299
The Extent of Drinking and Alcoholism	p. 301
Myths about Alcohol Abuse	p. 301
What Alcohol Does to Its Users	p. 302
Mental and Physical Impact	p. 303
Health Effects	p. 304
Social Consequences	p. 304
Social Factors in Drinking	p. 306
Gender and Age	p. 306
Racial and Ethnic Background	p. 306
Religious Affiliation	p. 308
Socioeconomic Status	p. 309
Regional Location	p. 309
A Global Perspective on Drinking	p. 310
What Is Alcoholism?	p. 311
Becoming an Alcoholic	p. 312
Social Drinker	p. 312
Psychologically Addicted	p. 313
Physically Addicted	p. 313
Hitting Bottom	p. 313
College Students and Alcohol	p. 314
Binge Drinking in College	p. 314
A Social Profile of College Binge Drinkers	p. 315
Women and Alcohol	p. 315
Why More Women Drink Today	p. 316
Alcoholism among Women	p. 316
What Causes Alcoholism?	p. 317
A Biological Predisposition	p. 317
The Alcoholic Personality	p. 318
Social and Cultural Forces	p. 319
Controlling Alcohol Use and Abuse	p. 321
Legal Measures	p. 321
Therapeutic Approaches	p. 323
Summary	p. 325
Further Reading	p. 326
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 327
Inequality in Deviance	p. 329
Privileged Deviance	p. 331
What Is White-Collar Deviance?	p. 333
Corporate Deviance	p. 334
Deviance against Employees	p. 334
Deviance against Customers	p. 335
Deviance against the Government	p. 338
Deviance against the Environment	p. 339
A Social Profile of Corporate Crooks	p. 340
Occupational Deviance	p. 341
Employee Theft	p. 341
Embezzlement	p. 342
Financial Frauds	p. 343
Deviance in the Professions	p. 344
What Makes White-Collar Deviance Unique?	p. 346
The Deviant's Respectable Self-image	p. 346
The Victim's Unwitting Cooperation	p. 346
Society's Relative Indifference	p. 347
Causes of White-Collar Deviance	p. 348
Deviant Motivation: Fear of Loss and Greed for Gain	p. 348
Deviant Opportunity: The Benefit of High Position and Power	p. 349
Weak Social Control: Lax Law Enforcement	p. 349
Governmental Deviance	p. 350
Political Corruption	p. 351
Election Improprieties	p. 352
Official Violence	p. 352
A Global Perspective on Official Corruption	p. 353
Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance	p. 354
Denying the Obvious	p. 354
Ignoring the Deviance	p. 354
Accusing the Accuser	p. 355
Promising to Take Action	p. 355
Justifying the Deviance	p. 356
Causes of Governmental Deviance	p. 356
Superabundance of Ambiguous Laws	p. 356
Governmental Complexity and Power	p. 357
Summary	p. 357
Further Reading	p. 359
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 360
Underprivileged Deviance	p. 361
Robbery	p. 363
Robbery as a Property Crime	p. 363
Robbery as a Violent Crime	p. 364
Patterns of Robbery	p. 365
Amateur and Professional Robbers	p. 366
Causes of Robbery	p. 368
Auto Theft and Carjacking	p. 369
Characteristics and Trends	p. 369
Causes	p. 370
Burglary	p. 370
Modus Operandi	p. 370
Causes of Burglary	p. 371
Shoplifting	p. 372
A Social Profile of Shoplifters	p. 372
Causes of Shoplifting	p. 372
Organized Crime	p. 373
Organizational Structure	p. 373
Organized Crime Activities	p. 374
Ethnicity and Organized Crime	p. 376
The War on Organized Crime in the United States	p. 377
A Global Perspective on Organized Crime	p. 378
Summary	p. 379
Further Reading	p. 381
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 382
Cyberspace: Wild Frontier	p. 383
Internet Deviance	p. 385
Seeking Easy Money Online	p. 387
Online Identity Theft	p. 387
Internet Gambling	p. 388
Searching Cyberspace for Sex	p. 390
Cybersex	p. 390
Internet Pornography	p. 391
A Social Profile of Cyberporn Surfers	p. 392
Online Affairs	p. 393
Expressing Hate Online	p. 394
Prejudice and Discrimination in Cyberspace	p. 394
Stalking through Cyberspace	p. 395
Disrupting Computer Networks	p. 396
Computer Hacking	p. 396
Terrorism in Cyberspace	p. 398
A Global Perspective on Cyberdeviance	p. 399
Summary	p. 400
Further Reading	p. 402
Critical Thinking Questions	p. 402
References	p. 403
Name Index	p. 438
Subject Index	p. 448
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