Dialectology

by J. K. Chambers , Peter Trudgill

• ISBN13: 9780521593786
• ISBN10: 0521593786
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-13
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

When first published in 1980, Dialectology broke new ground by integrating urban dialectology (sociolinguistics), dialect geography and spatial variation into a cohesive discipline. In this second edition, the authors take account of the renaissance of dialect research in the last twenty years. They offer new sections on dialectometry and mapping variability, a revised section on dialect geography as well as updates of other recent developments. A reliable textbook for over seventeen years, this new edition will continue to serve the needs of undergraduates and individual scholars with its comprehensive coverage of methods, models and findings in the study of language variation and change.

Table of Contents

Maps	ix	(2)
Figures	xi	(1)
Tables	xii	(1)
Preface to the second edition	xiii	(1)
The international phonetic alphabet	xiv
BACKGROUND	3	(54)
1 Dialect and language	3	(10)
1.1 Mutual intelligibility	3	(1)
1.2 Language, dialect and accent	4	(1)
1.3 Geographical dialect continua	5	(2)
1.4 Social dialect continus	7	(2)
1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy	9	(3)
1.6 Discreteness and continuity	12	(1)
Further information	12	(1)
2 Dialect geography	13	(19)
2.1 The impetus for dialect geography	13	(2)
2.2 An outline history of dialect geography	15	(6)
2.3 The methods of dialect geography	21	(10)
2.3.1 The questionnaire	21	(4)
2.3.2 Linguistic maps	25	(4)
2.3.3 The selection of informants	29	(2)
Further information	31	(1)
3 Dialectology and linguistics	32	(13)
3.1 Dielectology and philology	32	(1)
3.2 Structural dialectology	33	(6)
3.2.1 Inventory, distribution and incidence	36	(1)
3.2.2 Lexical correspondences	37	(2)
3.3 Generative dialectology	39	(3)
3.4 Polylectal grammars	42	(2)
Further information	44	(1)
4 Urban dialectology	45	(12)
4.1 Social dialects	45	(1)
4.2 Urban dialects	45	(2)
4.3 Representativeness	47	(1)
4.4 Obtaining data	48	(1)
4.5 Classifying informants	49	(1)
4.6 The linguistic variable	49	(4)
Further information	53	(4)
SOCIAL VARIATION	57	(70)
5 Social differentiation and language	57	(13)
5.1 Language and social class	57	(2)
5.2 Stylistic differentiation	59	(2)
5.3 Sex differentiation	61	(2)
5.4 Other aspects of social differentiation in language	63	(5)
5.4.1 Language and ethnic group	63	(1)
5.4.2 Social networks	64	(3)
5.4.3 Individual characteristics	67	(1)
Further information	68	(2)
6 Sociolinguistic structure and linguistic innovation	70	(19)
6.1 Indicators and markers	70	(6)
6.1.1 Overt stigmatisation	72	(1)
6.1.2 Linguistic change	72	(1)
6.1.3 Phonological contrast	73	(2)
6.1.4 Stereotypes	75	(1)
6.2 The study of linguistic change	76	(5)
6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation	78	(3)
6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change	81	(5)
6.3.1 Stylistic variation	82	(1)
6.3.2 The role of sex	83	(2)
6.3.3 Covert prestige	85	(1)
Further information	86	(3)
7 Boudaries	89	(15)
7.1 Isoglosses	89	(2)
7.2 Patterns of isoglosses	91	(3)
7.2.1 Criss-cross	91	(2)
7.2.2 Transitions	93	(1)
7.2.3 Relic areas	94	(1)
7.3 Bundles	94	(2)
7.4 Grading of isoglosses	96	(4)
7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses	100	(3)
7.6 Isoglosses and dialect variation	103	(1)
Further information	103	(1)
8 Transitions	104	(23)
8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition	104	(1)
8.2 Introduction to the variables	105	(1)
8.3 The transition zone for (u)	106	(4)
8.4 Mixed and fudged lects	110	(3)
8.5 The variable (a)	113	(5)
8.6 Transitions in general	118	(1)
8.7 Dialect variation and mapping	118	(5)
8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands	119	(1)
8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation	120	(1)
8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly	121	(2)
Further information	123	(4)
MECHANISMS OF VARIATION	127	(63)
9 Variability	127	(22)
9.1 The variable as a structural unit	127	(4)
9.1.1 Variability as accidental	128	(1)
9.1.2 Variability as essential	128	(2)
9.1.3 Variable constraints	130	(1)
9.2 Implicational scales	131	(4)
9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama	132	(1)
9.2.2 (CC) in northern England	133	(2)
9.3 Handling quantitative data	135	(1)
9.4 Quantifying geographic variables	136	(12)
9.4.1 Dialectometry	137	(3)
9.4.2 Multidimensional scaling	140	(2)
9.4.3 A transition zone in Ohio	142	(2)
9.4.4 Correspondence analysis of the matrix	144	(3)
9.4.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance	147	(1)
Further information	148	(1)
10 Diffusion: sociolinguistic and lexical	149	(17)
10.1 Real time and apparent time	149	(4)
10.1.1 Age-graded changs	151	(2)
10.2 Innovators of change	153	(6)
10.2.1 A class-based innovation on Norwich	153	(2)
10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast	155	(2)
10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe	157	(2)
10.3 Lexical diffusion	159	(6)
Further information	165	(1)
11 Diffusion: geographical	166	(21)
11.1 Spatial diffusion of language	167	(1)
11.2 Spatial linguistics	167	(1)
11.3 Linguistic areas	168	(2)
11.4 Uvular /r/ in Europe	170	(2)
11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy	172	(4)
11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion	176	(2)
11.6.1 The Norwegian study	177	(1)
11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography	178	(7)
11.8 Further refinements to the model	185	(1)
Further information	186	(1)
12 Cohesion in dialectology	187	(3)
Further information	189	(1)
References	190	(8)
Index	198