Differential Diagnosis and Management for the Chiropractor : Protocols and Algorithms

by Souza, Thomas A.

• ISBN13: 9780834217287
• ISBN10: 0834217287
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-09-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

The third edition of this best selling reference maintains its goal of helping the practitioner evaluate a patient's complaint in the context of a chiropractor's scope of practice.

Author Biography

Thomas A. Souza, DC, DACBSP, is Dean of Clinics at the Palmer-West Chiropractic College in San Jose, California

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xix
Introduction	xxi
Part I---Musculoskeletal Complaints	1	(386)
General Approach to Musculoskeletal Complaints	3	(26)
Context	3	(1)
General Strategy	4	(2)
History	6	(2)
Examination	8	(7)
Management	15	(14)
Neck Complaints	29	(28)
Context	29	(1)
General Strategy	30	(5)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	35	(2)
Evaluation	37	(7)
Management	44	(2)
Selected Causes of Cervical Spine Pain	46	(1)
Disc Herniation	46	(5)
Myelopathy	51	(1)
Burner/Stinger	52	(1)
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome	52	(1)
Facet/Referred	53	(1)
Torticollis	54	(3)
Temporomandibular Complaints	57	(14)
Context	57	(1)
General Strategy	57	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	58	(2)
Evaluation	60	(3)
Management	63	(4)
Selected TMJ Disorders	67	(1)
Capsulitis	67	(1)
Synovitis	67	(1)
Disc Derangement with Reduction	68	(1)
Closed Lock	68	(1)
Acute Open Lock	69	(2)
Thoracic Spine Complaints	71	(16)
Context	71	(1)
General Strategy	71	(1)
Relevant Anatomy	72	(2)
Biomechanics	74	(1)
Evaluation	74	(4)
Management	78	(1)
Selected Disorders of the Thoracic Spine	78	(1)
Scheuermann's Disease	78	(4)
Compression Fracture	82	(1)
Osteoid Osteoma	83	(1)
Postural Syndrome	84	(1)
T4 Syndrome	84	(3)
Scoliosis	87	(22)
Context	87	(1)
General Strategy	87	(1)
Idiopathic Scoliosis Etiology	88	(1)
Evaluation	89	(7)
Management	96	(5)
Summary	101	(8)
Lumbopelvic Complaints	109	(44)
Context	109	(1)
General Strategy	110	(1)
Relevant Anatomy, Physiology, and Biomechanics	110	(3)
Evaluation	113	(17)
Management	130	(8)
Selected Disorders of the Low Back	138	(1)
Disc Lesion with Radiculopathy	138	(1)
Facet Syndrome	139	(2)
Canal Stenosis	141	(1)
Spondylolisthesis	141	(1)
Sacroiliac Sprain and Subluxation	142	(1)
Piriformis Syndrome	143	(1)
Ankylosing Spondylitis	144	(1)
Reiter's Syndrome	145	(1)
Multiple Myeloma	145	(1)
Metastatic Carcinoma	146	(1)
Infectious Spondylitis	147	(1)
Abdominal Aneurysm	147	(6)
Shoulder Girdle Complaints	153	(40)
Context	153	(1)
General Strategy	154	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	155	(2)
Evaluation	157	(13)
Management	170	(8)
Selected Disorders of the Shoulder	178	(1)
Impingement Syndrome	178	(2)
Traumatic Instability	180	(3)
Nontraumatic Instability or Looseness	183	(1)
Adhesive Capsulitis	183	(4)
Rotator Cuff Tear	187	(2)
Acute Calcific Bursitis and Tendinitis	189	(1)
Acromioclavicular Separation	189	(1)
Osteolysis of the Distal Clavicle	190	(3)
Elbow Complaints	193	(18)
Context	193	(1)
General Strategy	193	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	194	(1)
Evaluation	195	(5)
Management	200	(5)
Selected Disorders of the Elbow	205	(1)
Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)	205	(1)
Medial Epicondylitis	205	(1)
Triceps Tendinitis (Posterior Tennis Elbow)	206	(1)
Posterior Impingement Syndrome	207	(1)
Nursemaid's Elbow	207	(1)
Little League Elbow	207	(1)
Osteochondrosis (Panner's Disease)	208	(1)
Olecranon Bursitis	209	(2)
Wrist and Forearm Complaints	211	(32)
Context	211	(1)
General Strategy	212	(2)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	214	(1)
Evaluation	215	(9)
Management	224	(3)
Selected Disorders of the Wrist and Forearm	227	(1)
Instability	227	(2)
Tendinitis	229	(1)
Peripheral Nerve Entrapments	230	(7)
Fractures	237	(1)
Forearm	238	(1)
Miscellaneous Conditions	239	(4)
Finger and Thumb Complaints	243	(26)
Context	243	(1)
General Strategy	243	(1)
Relevant Clinical Anatomy	244	(1)
Evaluation	245	(5)
Management	250	(7)
Selected Disorders of the Finger, Thumb, and Hand	257	(1)
Finger	257	(7)
Thumb	264	(1)
Arthritides	265	(4)
Hip, Groin, and Thigh Complaints	269	(26)
Context	269	(1)
General Strategy	269	(1)
Relevant Anatomy	270	(1)
Evaluation	271	(7)
Management	278	(4)
Selected Disorders of the Hip, Groin, and Thigh	282	(1)
Hip	282	(7)
Groin	289	(1)
Thigh	290	(5)
Knee Complaints	295	(44)
Context	295	(1)
General Strategy	296	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	297	(2)
Evaluation	299	(11)
Management	310	(13)
Selected Disorders of the Knee	323	(1)
Traumatic	323	(5)
Nontraumatic	328	(11)
Lower Leg Complaints	339	(14)
Context	339	(1)
General Strategy	339	(1)
Relevant Anatomy	340	(1)
Evaluation	340	(3)
Management	343	(1)
Selected Disorders of the Lower Leg and Posterior Heel	343	(1)
Shin Splints	343	(3)
Tibial Stress Fracture	346	(3)
Compartment Syndrome	349	(1)
Achilles Tendinitis	349	(4)
Foot and Ankle Complaints	353	(34)
Context	353	(1)
General Strategy	354	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics	354	(2)
Evaluation	356	(9)
Management	365	(13)
Selected Foot Disorders	378	(1)
First Toe	378	(2)
Metatarsals	380	(3)
Other Conditions	383	(4)
Part II---Neurologic Complaints	387	(86)
Weakness	389	(18)
Context	389	(1)
General Strategy	389	(2)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	391	(1)
Evaluation	391	(4)
Management	395	(4)
Selected Neurologic and Muscular Diseases	399	(1)
Bell's Palsy	399	(1)
Parkinson's Disease (Paralysis Agitans)	399	(1)
Multiple Sclerosis	400	(1)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome	401	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	402	(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	402	(1)
Syringomyelia	403	(1)
Neurofibromatosis	403	(1)
Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne Type)	404	(3)
Numbness and Tingling	407	(8)
Context	407	(1)
General Strategy	407	(2)
Relevant Anatomy	409	(1)
Evaluation	409	(3)
Management	412	(3)
Headache	415	(26)
Context	415	(1)
General Strategy	415	(1)
Theories of Causation of Primary Headaches	416	(8)
Management	424	(8)
Selected Headache Disorders	432	(1)
Migraine with Aura (Classic Migraine)	432	(1)
Migraine without Aura (Common Migraine)	433	(1)
Tension-Like	433	(1)
Cervicogenic	434	(1)
Cluster	435	(1)
Temporal Arteritis	435	(6)
Dizziness	441	(20)
Context	441	(1)
General Strategy	441	(2)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	443	(1)
Evaluation	444	(4)
Management	448	(4)
Selected Causes of Vertigo	452	(1)
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo	452	(4)
Meniere's Disease	456	(1)
Vestibular Neuronitis (Neuritis)	456	(1)
Labyrinthitis	457	(1)
Perilymphatic Fistula	457	(1)
Cervicogenic Vertigo	458	(1)
Acoustic Neuroma	458	(3)
Seizures	461	(12)
Context	461	(1)
General Strategy	462	(1)
Definitions and Classifications	462	(3)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	465	(1)
Evaluation	465	(2)
Management	467	(6)
Part III---General Concerns	473	(106)
Depression	475	(8)
Context	475	(1)
General Strategy	475	(1)
Terminology and Classification	476	(1)
Evaluation	477	(1)
Management	478	(5)
Fatigue	483	(16)
Context	483	(1)
General Strategy	483	(1)
General Discussion	484	(1)
Evaluation	485	(2)
Management	487	(3)
Selected Disorders Presenting As Fatigue	490	(1)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome	490	(1)
Fibromyalgia	491	(1)
Mononucleosis	491	(2)
Lyme Disease	493	(1)
Hepatitis A	493	(1)
Hepatitis B	494	(3)
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia	497	(2)
Fever	499	(4)
Context	499	(1)
General Strategy	500	(1)
Relevant Physiology	500	(1)
Evaluation	500	(2)
Management	502	(1)
Sleep and Related Complaints	503	(8)
Context	503	(1)
General Strategy	503	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	504	(1)
Classification System	504	(1)
Evaluation	505	(1)
Management	506	(5)
Hypertension	511	(12)
Context	511	(1)
Relevant Physiology	511	(1)
General Strategy	512	(1)
Evaluation	512	(3)
Management	515	(8)
Lower Leg Swelling	523	(8)
Context	523	(1)
General Strategy	523	(1)
Relevant Physiology and Anatomy	523	(2)
Evaluation	525	(1)
Management	525	(1)
Selected Causes of Lower Leg Swelling	526	(1)
Acute Unilateral	526	(2)
Subacute or Chronic	528	(3)
Lymphadenopathy	531	(8)
Context	531	(1)
General Strategy	531	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	532	(1)
Evaluation	532	(1)
Management	533	(2)
Selected Causes of Lymphadenopathy	535	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	535	(1)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma	535	(1)
Hodgkin's Disease	536	(1)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia	536	(3)
Skin Problems	539	(10)
Context	539	(4)
General Strategy	543	(1)
Evaluation	544	(4)
Management	548	(1)
Vaccination: A Brief Overview	549	(8)
OPV (Polio)	550	(1)
MMR (Focus on Measles)	551	(1)
DTP (Focus on Pertussis)	551	(1)
Summary	551	(1)
Some Childhood Diseases	552	(1)
Measles (Rubeola)	552	(1)
German Measles (Rubella)	552	(1)
Varicella (Chickenpox)	553	(1)
Mumps	553	(1)
Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)	554	(3)
Weight Loss	557	(8)
Context	557	(1)
General Strategy	557	(1)
Relevant Physiology	558	(1)
Evaluation	559	(1)
Management	560	(5)
Weight Gain/Obesity	565	(8)
Context	565	(1)
General Strategy	566	(1)
Evaluation	566	(1)
Management	567	(6)
Osteoporosis	573	(6)
Context	573	(1)
General Strategy	573	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	574	(1)
Evaluation	574	(2)
Management	576	(3)
Part IV---Gastrointestinal Complaints	579	(44)
Abdominal Pain	581	(26)
Context	581	(1)
General Strategy	581	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	582	(1)
Evaluation	583	(6)
Management	589	(3)
Selected Causes of Acute Abdominal Pain	592	(1)
Appendicitis	592	(1)
Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis	593	(1)
Ureteral Stone	594	(1)
Pancreatitis	595	(1)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	596	(1)
Ectopic Pregnancy	597	(1)
Selected Causes of Recurrent Abdominal Pain	597	(1)
Upper Abdominal Pain	597	(2)
Lower Abdominal Pain	599	(2)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	601	(2)
Dysmenorrhea	603	(4)
Constipation	607	(8)
Context	607	(1)
General Strategy	607	(2)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	609	(1)
Evaluation	609	(1)
Management	610	(5)
Diarrhea	615	(8)
Context	615	(1)
General Strategy	615	(2)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	617	(1)
Evaluation	617	(2)
Management	619	(4)
Part V---Genitourinary Complaints	623	(26)
Urinary Incontinence and Voiding Dysfunction	625	(12)
Context	625	(1)
General Strategy	625	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	626	(1)
Evaluation	626	(2)
Management	628	(4)
Selected Causes of Voiding Dysfunction and Pain	632	(1)
Urinary Tract Infection	632	(1)
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy	633	(1)
Prostate Cancer	633	(4)
Enuresis	637	(6)
Context	637	(1)
General Strategy	637	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	638	(1)
Evaluation	638	(1)
Management	639	(4)
Vaginal Bleeding	643	(6)
Context	643	(1)
General Strategy	643	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	643	(1)
Evaluation	644	(1)
Management	644	(5)
Part VI---Cardiopulmonary Complaints	649	(60)
Syncope/Presyncope	651	(4)
Context	651	(1)
General Strategy	651	(1)
Relevant Physiology	651	(1)
Evaluation	652	(2)
Management	654	(1)
Chest Pain	655	(18)
Context	655	(1)
General Strategy	655	(4)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	659	(1)
Evaluation	660	(3)
Management	663	(1)
Selected Causes of Chest Pain	663	(1)
Cardiac	663	(4)
Noncardiac, Musculoskeletal	667	(3)
Noncardiac, Visceral	670	(3)
Palpitations	673	(10)
Context	673	(1)
General Strategy	673	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	674	(1)
Evaluation	674	(4)
Management	678	(1)
Possible Causes of Palpitations	678	(1)
Paroxysmal Sinus Tachycardia	678	(3)
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome	681	(1)
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome	681	(2)
Dyspnea (Difficulty Breathing)	683	(14)
Context	683	(1)
General Strategy	683	(2)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	685	(1)
Evaluation	685	(2)
Management	687	(1)
Selected Causes of Dyspnea	688	(1)
Asthma	688	(4)
Emphysema	692	(1)
Pulmonary Embolism	692	(1)
Pneumothorax	693	(1)
Congestive Heart Failure	694	(3)
Cough	697	(12)
Context	697	(1)
General Strategy	697	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	698	(1)
Evaluation	698	(3)
Management	701	(1)
Selected Causes of Cough	702	(1)
Pneumonia	702	(1)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis	702	(3)
Postnasal Drip	705	(1)
Chronic Bronchitis	706	(1)
Bronchogenic Carcinoma	706	(3)
Part VII---Head and Face Complaints	709	(56)
Eye Complaints	711	(16)
Context	711	(1)
Review of General Terminology	712	(1)
General Strategy	712	(1)
Evaluation	713	(3)
Management	716	(4)
Selected Causes of Vision Loss	720	(1)
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma	720	(1)
Open-Angle Glaucoma	720	(1)
Cataracts	721	(1)
Age-Related Macular Degeneration	722	(1)
Retinitis Pigmentosa	722	(1)
Amaurosis Fugax	723	(1)
Optic Neuritis	724	(3)
Facial Pain	727	(8)
Context	727	(1)
General Strategy	727	(1)
Relevant Neurology	728	(1)
Evaluation	728	(1)
Management	729	(1)
Facial Pain Caused By Neuralgias	730	(1)
Trigeminal	730	(1)
Glossopharyngeal	730	(3)
Atypical Face Pain	733	(2)
Ear Pain	735	(10)
Context	735	(1)
General Strategy	735	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	735	(1)
Evaluation	736	(2)
Management	738	(3)
Selected Causes of Ear Pain	741	(1)
Barotrauma	741	(1)
Serous Otitis Media	741	(1)
Acute Otitis Media	742	(1)
Chronic Otitis Media	742	(1)
Cholesteatoma	743	(1)
Otitis Externa	743	(2)
Hearing Loss	745	(8)
Context	745	(1)
General Strategy	745	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	745	(1)
Evaluation	746	(2)
Management	748	(3)
Selected Causes of Hearing Loss	751	(1)
Otosclerosis	751	(1)
Presbycusis	751	(2)
Tinnitus	753	(6)
Context	753	(1)
General Strategy	753	(1)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	753	(1)
Evaluation	754	(1)
Management	754	(5)
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)	759	(2)
Context	759	(1)
General Strategy	759	(1)
Relevant Anatomy	759	(1)
Evaluation	760	(1)
Management	760	(1)
Sore Throat	761	(4)
Context	761	(1)
General Strategy	761	(1)
Evaluation	762	(1)
Management	763	(2)
Part VIII---Special Conditions	765	(48)
Diabetes Mellitus	767	(12)
Context	767	(1)
General Strategy	768	(1)
Relevant Physiology	768	(3)
Evaluation	771	(1)
Management	772	(7)
Thyroid Dysfunction	779	(10)
Context	779	(1)
General Strategy	780	(1)
Relevant Physiology	780	(1)
Evaluation	780	(1)
Laboratory Testing and Management	781	(2)
Selected Thyroid Disorders	783	(1)
Graves' Disease	783	(1)
Hashimoto's Disease	783	(1)
Subacute Thyroiditis (De Quervain's Thyroiditis)	784	(1)
Silent Thyroiditis	785	(1)
Acute Thyroiditis	785	(1)
Riedel's Thyroiditis	786	(1)
Thyroid Cancer	786	(3)
Hyperlipidemia	789	(12)
Context	789	(1)
General Strategy	789	(1)
Relevant Physiology	789	(1)
Evaluation	790	(3)
Management	793	(8)
Anemia	801	(12)
Context	801	(1)
General Strategy	801	(1)
Relevant Physiology	802	(2)
Management	804	(1)
Selected Anemias	804	(1)
Microcytic and Normocytic Anemias	804	(5)
Macrocytic Anemias	809	(4)
Part IX---Special Patient Groups	813	(114)
The Pediatric/Adolescent Patient	815	(50)
Context	815	(1)
General Strategy	815	(10)
Sports-Related Issues in the Young Patient	825	(25)
A Region-Based Approach to Complaints and Concerns of Patient/Parent	850	(15)
The Geriatric Patient	865	(30)
Context	865	(2)
General Strategy	867	(3)
Relevant Anatomy and Physiology	870	(1)
Evaluation	870	(7)
Focused Concerns	877	(11)
Specific Management Issues	888	(7)
The Female Patient	895	(32)
Context	895	(1)
General Strategy	896	(1)
Female Hormonal and Reproductive Physiology	897	(2)
Focused Issues	899	(28)
Index	927