Digital Mobile Communications and the Tetra System

by Dunlop, John; Girma, Demessie; Irvine, James

• ISBN13: 9780471987925
• ISBN10: 0471987921
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-10-18
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

TETRA is a system for mobile wireless communications and this is a highly topical and comprehensive introduction to the design and applications of TETRA systems including practical examples. TETRA is comparable in structure to the world-wide successful GSM system, however, individual features of TETRA are different, often more efficient and better designed than in GSM. TETRA is therefore providing an important source for the further development of standards for mobile telecommunications. This volume is timely and one of the first to cover TETRA and related subject areas. Features include: * Detailed discussion of public and private mobile communications domain * Architecture, components and services of TETRA and * Design and operational aspects of the system Based on courses for industry, presented by the authors, Digital Mobile Communications and the TETRA System will prove indispensable reading for service providers, design engineers and systems managers in the private mobile communications market. It also provides a thorough grounding in general digital mobile communications for communications engineers and undergraduate and postgraduate students in telecommunications.

Author Biography

John Dunlop is the author of Digital Mobile Communications and the TETRA System, published by Wiley. Demessie Girma is the author of Digital Mobile Communications and the TETRA System, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
List of Abbreviations and Symbols	xix
Abbreviations	xix
Symbols	xxvi
Principles of Digital Mobile Radio	1	(55)
Introduction	1	(1)
Modulation Methods	1	(3)
Frequency and Time Division Multiplexing	4	(3)
Analogue to Digital Conversion	7	(1)
Spectral Properties of Digital Signals	8	(2)
Pulse Shaping	10	(2)
Digital Modulation	12	(15)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)	12	(1)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)	13	(1)
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)	13	(2)
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)	15	(1)
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)	16	(1)
Differential QPSK (DQPSK)	17	(1)
π/4---DQPSK	18	(2)
Linear Amplifiers	20	(1)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)	21	(1)
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)	22	(1)
MSK considered in terms of Phase Modulation	23	(3)
Bandwidth of GMSK	26	(1)
m-ary Modulation	27	(1)
Pulse Shaping in Carrier Modulated Systems	27	(1)
Bandwidth Efficiency	28	(1)
The Radio Environment	29	(2)
Plane Earth Propagation Model	31	(3)
Fast Fading	34	(3)
Slow Fading	37	(2)
Pathloss Models	39	(1)
Link Budgets	40	(1)
Fading in Digital Mobile Communications	41	(1)
The Cellular Concept	42	(1)
Typical Cell Operation	43	(1)
Capacity of a Cellular System	44	(1)
Frequency Re-use Distance	45	(2)
Cellular Coverage	47	(4)
Sectoring	51	(2)
Statistical Issues	53	(2)
Conclusions	55	(1)
Public Digital Mobile Radio Systems and Environment	56	(51)
Digital Cellular Radio	56	(1)
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)	56	(1)
The GSM Network Architecture	57	(1)
The GSM Radio Interface	58	(1)
Logical Channels in GSM	58	(9)
Burst Structure for GSM	61	(1)
Mapping of Logical Channels in GSM	62	(3)
Mapping of Traffic Channels and Associated Control Channels	65	(1)
Mapping of the BCCH/CCCH	65	(1)
Mapping of the SDCCH/SACCH	66	(1)
Mapping of Logical Channels in Low Capacity Systems	67	(1)
Security in GSM	67	(3)
Authentication	68	(1)
Encryption	68	(1)
User Identity Protection	69	(1)
Sequence of Events	69	(1)
Operation of the GSM System	70	(6)
Location Updating	71	(2)
Call Establishment from a Mobile	73	(3)
Call Establishment to a Mobile	76	(1)
Call Release	76	(1)
Voice Coding in GSM	76	(1)
Non Voice Services	77	(3)
Data Transmission Transparent Mode	78	(1)
Data Transmission (Non Transparent Mode)	78	(1)
The GSM Short Message Service	79	(1)
Error Protection	80	(3)
Channel Coding in GSM	80	(2)
Interleaving	82	(1)
Handover in GSM	83	(1)
GSM Handover Measurements	84	(2)
Features of the GSM System	86	(3)
Adaptive Frame Alignment	86	(1)
Adaptive Power Control	86	(1)
Slow Frequency Hopping	87	(1)
Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX)	88	(1)
GSM Evolution	88	(1)
Cordless Communication Systems	89	(1)
The Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications System (DECT)	89	(1)
Voice Coding in DECT	90	(1)
The DECT Physical Layer	91	(1)
DECT Medium Access Control	92	(1)
Call Management in DECT	92	(2)
Handover in DECT	94	(1)
Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS)	94	(2)
Spread Spectrum System	96	(1)
Code Division Multiple Access	96	(3)
Power Control in CDMA	97	(1)
Diversity in CDMA	97	(1)
Frequency Diversity	97	(1)
Spatial Diversity	98	(1)
Time Diversity	98	(1)
The Forward (Base to Mobile) Link in cdmaOne™	99	(2)
Synchronisation Channel	100	(1)
Paging Channels	100	(1)
Quad Cover	100	(1)
The cdmaOne™ Reverse Link	101	(1)
Access Channel	101	(1)
Payload Data	101	(1)
Signalling	102	(1)
The Rake Receiver	102	(1)
Power Control Loops in cdmaOne™	103	(2)
Open Loop Power Control	104	(1)
Closed Loop Power Control	104	(1)
Base Station Transmission Power Control	104	(1)
Mobile Access in cdmaOne™	105	(1)
Conclusion	105	(2)
The Private Mobile Radio Environment	107	(22)
Introduction	107	(1)
The PMR User Community	108	(5)
Emergency Services	110	(1)
Utilities	111	(1)
National Government	111	(1)
Local Government	111	(1)
On-site	111	(1)
PAMR Operators	111	(1)
Transport	112	(1)
Requirements of PMR Services	113	(3)
PMR Configurations	116	(3)
Comparison Between PMR and Cellular	119	(3)
PMR standards	122	(4)
The Need for and Development of Standards	122	(1)
Analogue PMR	122	(1)
Digital PMR	123	(3)
PMR Market Evolution	126	(3)
An Overview of the TETRA System	129	(32)
Introduction	129	(1)
The Basic Services of the Tetra System	130	(1)
TETRA Network Architecture	131	(1)
TETRA Circuit Mode (V+D)	132	(3)
Burst Structure	134	(1)
Logical Channels Hierarchy	135	(5)
Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH)	137	(1)
Common Control CHannel (CCCH)	137	(1)
Associated Control CHannel (ACCH)	138	(1)
Access Assignment CHannel (AACH)	138	(1)
Common Linearisation CHannel (CLCH)	139	(1)
Traffic CHannels (TCH)	139	(1)
Signalling CHannel (SCH)	139	(1)
Mapping of Logical Channels in TETRA	140	(1)
Operation of the TETRA V+D Mode	141	(5)
Location Registration	141	(1)
Random Access	142	(2)
Call set-up Procedure	144	(2)
Special Features of the V+D Mode	146	(1)
Voice Coding in TETRA	147	(4)
Algebraic Code Excited Liner Predictive Coding (ACELP)	148	(2)
Error Concealment	150	(1)
DATA Services in V+D Mode	151	(1)
Direct Mode	152	(5)
The Direct Mode Channel	154	(1)
Call Set-up in Direct Mode	155	(2)
Control Channels in Direct Mode Operation	157	(1)
Summary	157	(1)
Spectral Efficiency	157	(4)
TETRA System Architecture, Components and Services	161	(44)
Introduction	161	(1)
The TETRA User Groups	162	(2)
Potential User Groups	162	(1)
The TETRA MoU	163	(1)
System Architecture and Components	164	(6)
TETRA System Architecture	164	(1)
System Components	165	(1)
TETRA Network	165	(1)
Mobile Station	165	(1)
Classes of MS	165	(3)
Line Station	168	(1)
Direct Mode Mobile Station	168	(1)
Gateway	169	(1)
Network Management Unit	170	(1)
System Interfaces	170	(1)
TETRA Reference Configuration	171	(1)
Basic Concepts	171	(1)
Reference Points in TETRA	172	(1)
Subscriber Access Interfaces	172	(6)
The ISDN Reference Configuration	173	(1)
Circuit Mode TETRA Reference Configurations	174	(2)
Packet Mode Reference Configurations	176	(2)
Peripheral Equipment Interface	178	(3)
Overview	178	(1)
The TETRA PEI	178	(1)
PEI Components	179	(2)
Addressing and Identities	181	(4)
TETRA Equipment Identity (TEI)	181	(1)
Mobile Network Identity (MNI)	182	(1)
TETRA Management Identities (TMI)	183	(1)
TETRA Subscriber Identity (TSI)	183	(1)
Network-Layer SAP Addresses (NSAP)	184	(1)
TETRA Network Services	185	(6)
Overview	185	(1)
Circuit Mode Data	186	(1)
Packet Mode Data	186	(1)
Short Data Service	186	(1)
Teleservices	187	(1)
Supplementary Services	188	(3)
Mobility Management	191	(4)
Basic Principles	191	(3)
Basic Mobility Procedures	194	(1)
TETRA Inter-System Interface	195	(3)
ISI Overview	195	(1)
PISN Architecture	196	(1)
TETRA ISI Signalling	197	(1)
TETRA Comparisons with GSM	198	(2)
System Level Comparison	198	(1)
System Parameters and Others	199	(1)
Summary of TETRA parameters	200	(1)
TETRA Conformance Testing	201	(2)
Scope of Conformance Testing	201	(1)
Conformance Statement	202	(1)
Conclusions	203	(2)
The Physical Layer	205	(54)
Overview, Function and Requirements	205	(1)
Frequency allocation	206	(1)
Choice of Multiplexing Method	207	(5)
CDMA Operation of PMR Systems	208	(1)
FDM Operation of PMR Systems	208	(1)
TDM Operation for PMR Systems	209	(3)
Choice of TDMA Parameters	212	(3)
Modulation	215	(5)
Frame, Slot and Burst Structures	220	(7)
TETRA Frame Structure	220	(1)
TETRA Burst Structure	221	(3)
Types of Burst of the Physical Layer	224	(3)
Logical Physical Layer Logical Burst Types	227	(1)
Synchronisation	227	(2)
Transmission Delays	229	(4)
Scrambling	233	(2)
Transmission Power and Power Control	235	(2)
Power Classes	235	(1)
Power Control	236	(1)
Channel Quality Measurement	237	(1)
Received Signal Strength Measurement	237	(1)
Signal Quality Measurement	237	(1)
Round-trip MS-BS Path Delay	238	(1)
Physical Layer Performance	238	(10)
TETRA Receiver Sensitivity	238	(1)
TETRA Reference Channels	239	(1)
TETRA Receiver Classes	240	(1)
Link Budget	241	(2)
Area Coverage	243	(2)
Area Coverage in the Noise Limited Case	245	(2)
Area Coverage in the Interference Limited Case	247	(1)
Interference to Other Systems	248	(2)
Limits on Adjacent Carrier Interference	249	(1)
Limits on Emissions Far from the Carrier Within the TETRA Band	250	(1)
Limits on Emissions Outside the TETRA Band	250	(1)
Area Coverage Techniques	250	(7)
Single site wide area coverage	251	(1)
Cellular Channel Re-use	251	(1)
Quasi-synchronous Transmission	251	(2)
Time-sharing Transmission	253	(1)
Antenna Diversity	254	(1)
Site Diversity	254	(1)
On-Frequency Repeaters	255	(1)
Direct Mode / Trunked Gateway	256	(1)
Conclusions	257	(2)
The Data Link Layer	259	(74)
Introduction	259	(1)
Organisation of the Data Link Layer	259	(2)
Organisation of the MAC	261	(3)
Coding and Interleaving	264	(27)
Error Control Strategies	265	(1)
Forward Error Correction and Detection	266	(14)
TETRA Data and Signalling Channel Coding Schemes	280	(5)
Coding Parameters for Data and Control Channels	285	(1)
TETRA Speech Coding Scheme	286	(3)
Mapping on the Physical Layer Channels	289	(1)
Example of Coding Steps	289	(1)
Coding Performance	290	(1)
Stealing	291	(2)
Use of Stealing on the Uplink	292	(1)
Use of Stealing on the Downlink	293	(1)
Trunking Methods	293	(2)
Message Trunking	294	(1)
Transmission Trunking	294	(1)
Quasi-transmission Trunking	295	(1)
Random Access	295	(9)
Random Access for Direct Mode Operation	297	(1)
Random Access for V+D Mode Operation	297	(2)
Access Frames	299	(2)
Access Control Channels	301	(2)
Reserved Access Procedures	303	(1)
Independent Allocation of Slots on the Uplink and Downlink	303	(1)
Logical Channel Routing	304	(11)
Introduction	304	(1)
Logical Channels Passed to the Upper MAC	304	(4)
Logical Channels Generated Within the Upper MAC	308	(1)
Logical Channel Routing to the Lower MAC	309	(2)
Channel Mapping in the Lower MAC	311	(2)
Inter-working Between MAC Layers	313	(2)
Air Interface Encryption	315	(2)
Logical Link Control	317	(8)
Introduction	317	(1)
ARQ	318	(3)
LLC Operation	321	(4)
System Modes of Operation	325	(4)
Normal Mode	326	(1)
Extended Mode	326	(1)
Minimum Mode	327	(1)
Discontinuous Transmission---Time, Carrier and MCCH Sharing	328	(1)
Mobile Station Modes of Operation	329	(2)
Idle Mode	329	(1)
Signalling and Packet Mode Data	329	(1)
Traffic Mode	330	(1)
Energy Economy Mode	330	(1)
Conclusions	331	(2)
TETRA Network Layer Protocols	333	(50)
Introduction	333	(1)
Network Layer Concepts	333	(3)
Generic Functions of the Network Layer	333	(2)
Control and User Plane Separation	335	(1)
Users' View of the Network Layer	336	(1)
Overview of TETRA Network Layer	336	(6)
Types of Information Transported	336	(1)
TETRA Protocol Stacks	337	(1)
V+D Protocol Stack	338	(1)
PDO Protocol Stack	339	(1)
DMO Protocol Stack	340	(2)
Remarks on Air Interface Protocols	342	(1)
Mobile to Base Link Entity	342	(18)
Overview	342	(1)
MLE Functions	342	(3)
Attachment Management	345	(8)
MLE Services and Access Points	353	(1)
MLE PDU Descriptions	354	(5)
Concluding Remarks on MLE	359	(1)
Mobility Management Protocols	360	(12)
Mobility Management Functions	360	(1)
MM Subsystem Elements	361	(1)
Functional Organisation of the MS-MM	361	(1)
MM at the LMM-SAP	362	(2)
MM at the TNMM-SAP	364	(1)
MM with Network-MM Peer	364	(1)
Overview of MM Procedures	365	(1)
Description of Selected MM PDUs	365	(6)
Concluding Remarking on MM Protocols	371	(1)
Circuit Mode Connection Entity	372	(3)
Overview	372	(1)
MLE functions at CMCE SAP	372	(3)
Packet Mode Data Services	375	(5)
Introduction	375	(1)
Overview of X.25 Data Services	376	(2)
Overview of TETRA Data Services	378	(1)
Specific Connectionless Network Protocol (SCLNP)	379	(1)
TETRA Inter-network Protocols	379	(1)
Layers 4 to 7	380	(1)
Transport Layer Protocol	380	(1)
Session Layer Protocol	381	(1)
Presentation Layer Protocol	381	(1)
Application Layer Protocol	381	(1)
Conclusion	381	(2)
Operational Aspects of the TETRA Network	383	(30)
Introduction	383	(1)
Network Security Management	383	(17)
Overview of TETRA Network Security	383	(2)
Principles of Encryption and Authentication	385	(2)
Types of Encryption	387	(1)
Principles of Authentication	388	(1)
TETRA Encryption Algorithms	389	(1)
Protection Differences in TETRA Systems	389	(1)
Authentication in TETRA	390	(3)
Authentication PDU Examples	393	(1)
Encryption Keys	394	(1)
Over The Air Re-keying	395	(2)
OTAR PDU Examples	397	(1)
Transfer of Authentication Information	398	(1)
Overview of Air Interface Encryption	398	(1)
Overview of End-to-End Encryption	399	(1)
Lawful Interception	400	(1)
TETRA Inter-System Signalling	400	(5)
The TETRA ISI Reference Configuration	400	(1)
Q and C Reference Points	401	(1)
Private Signalling System 1 for TETRA	402	(1)
PSSI Protocol Stack	403	(2)
TETRA Network Management	405	(6)
Overview	405	(1)
Principles of Network Management	406	(2)
Network Management Protocols	408	(1)
The SNMP Model	408	(2)
TETRA Network Management Methodology	410	(1)
Conclusions	411	(2)
Appendices	413	(14)
A.1 The TETRA Technical Specifications	414	(1)
A.2 TETRA MoU Members	415	(6)
A.2.1 Manufacturers	415	(3)
A.2.2 Users	418	(2)
A.2.3 Regulators	420	(1)
A.2.4 Accredited test houses	420	(1)
A.3 Erlang B Table (for Blocked-Calls-Cleared)	421	(3)
A.3.1 Overview of Basic Concepts	421	(1)
A.3.2 Erlang B Table	422	(2)
A.4 Erlang C Table (for Blocked-Calls-Delayed)	424	(3)
A.4.1 Overview of Basic Concepts	424	(1)
A.4.2 Erlang C Table	425	(2)
Index	427