Disability, Society, and the Individual

by Smart, Julie

• ISBN13: 9780944480281
• ISBN10: 0944480284
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-31
• Publisher: Pro Ed

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	p. ix
Abbreviations and Terms List	p. xi
Introduction	p. xiii
Definitions of Disability	p. 1
Defining Disability	p. 3
Does Anyone Know What "Normal" Is?	p. 3
The Link Between the Academic Discipline of Statistics and Eugenics	p. 4
Categorizing Disabilities	p. 8
Physical Disabilities	p. 10
Intellectual Disabilities	p. 15
Cognitive Disabilities	p. 16
Psychiatric Disabilities	p. 17
Does Everyone Have a Disability of Some Sort?	p. 18
There Are More Disabilities Than Ever Before	p. 20
Models of Disability: The Medical Model, The Environmental Model, and The Functional Model	p. 33
What Are Models of Disability?	p. 33
Models of Disability, American Legislation, and Agencies That Serve Persons with Disabilities	p. 42
Dichotomy or Continuum?	p. 43
Additional Categories of Disabilities	p. 45
The Americans with Disabilities Act: Equal Opportunity Under the Law	p. 47
The ADA Definition of Disability	p. 50
Results of the ADA	p. 55
Talking about Disability	p. 56
Labels That Attempt To Describe All Those Different from the Majority	p. 60
Society and Disability	p. 69
Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination, Part 1	p. 71
Societal Prejudices Often Become Self-Identifiers	p. 71
Prejudice against People with Disabilities Today in the United States	p. 72
The Outcomes of the ADA	p. 74
The Economic Threat	p. 76
The Safety Threat	p. 83
The Ambiguity of Disability	p. 85
The Salience of the Perceived Defining Nature of the Disability	p. 88
Spread or Overgeneralization	p. 90
Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination, Part 2	p. 101
Moral Accountability for the Cause of Disability	p. 101
Moral Accountability for the Management of the Disability	p. 107
The Inferred Emotional Consequence of the Disability, or Difficult Does Not Mean Tragic	p. 109
Society's Emphasis on Health, Fitness, and Beauty	p. 112
Fear of Acquiring a Disability or Existential Angst, or "There But for the Grace of God Go I"	p. 115
Three Societal Responses to Disability	p. 121
Civil Rights for PWDs	p. 127
What is Justice?	p. 128
The Effects of Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 137
Are Disabilities Viewed as Difference or as Deviance?	p. 137
Are PWDs "Differently Challenged"?	p. 139
Do Disabilities Always Lead to Social Inferiority?	p. 141
Handicapism	p. 144
The Handicapism of Well-Intentioned People	p. 146
The Contact Theory	p. 148
Equal Social Status Contact	p. 150
Perceptions of the Disability That May Be Associated with Prejudice	p. 154
The Degree of Visibility of the Disability	p. 154
Other Factors That Influence the Perception of PWDs	p. 158
"Disabled Heroes" or "Super Crips"	p. 159
The Drawbacks To Having Disabled Heroes	p. 161
Aesthetic Qualities of the Disability	p. 164
Impression Management	p. 166
Simulation Exercises	p. 167
Experiencing Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Stereotyping	p. 184
Role Entrapment	p. 188
Lowered Expectations, or "Let's Give Those Poor Disabled People a Break"	p. 191
Lack of Privacy	p. 192
Hypervisibility and Overobservation	p. 194
Solo Status	p. 197
Token Status	p. 199
Paternalism	p. 200
Infantilization	p. 203
Viewing PWDs as Objects	p. 204
Viewing PWDs as Animals	p. 206
Unnecessary Dependence	p. 209
Equal Social Status Relationships	p. 214
Second-Class Citizenship (For Which Americans Must Assume Collective Responsibility)	p. 217
The Individual and Disability	p. 223
The Individual's Response to Disability	p. 225
View from the Outside Versus Life on the Inside	p. 227
Acceptance of Disability or Response to Disability	p. 228
What Is a "Good" Response to a Disability?	p. 230
Cognitive Restructuring	p. 231
What Is a Poor Response to a Disability?	p. 232
Secondary Gains, Malingering, and Psychogenic Pain Disorder	p. 233
Problems in Measuring an Individual's Response to a Disability	p. 235
The Stage Model of Adaptation to Disability	p. 240
The Stages of Response in Disability	p. 241
Advantages of the Stage Theory	p. 245
Cautions in Implementing the Stage Theory	p. 246
First-Person Narratives of People with Disabilities	p. 253
Acceptance of Disability Scale	p. 254
The Onset and Diagnosis of the Disability	p. 261
Factors That Affect the Impact of the Onset of Disability	p. 261
Time of Onset	p. 263
Parents of Children with Congenital Disabilities	p. 264
Atypical Childhood Experiences	p. 268
Hearing Children of Parents Who Are Deaf	p. 270
Prelingual Deafness	p. 272
Congenital Blindness or Blindness Acquired in Infancy	p. 274
Residential Schools	p. 275
Acquired Disabilities	p. 277
The Developmental Stage of Acquisition	p. 280
Type of Onset	p. 287
The Impact of a Long Prediagnosis Period	p. 289
Other Factors of the Disability	p. 301
The Course of the Disability	p. 302
The Phases or Stages of the Course of the Disability	p. 304
Degenerating Episodic Disabilities	p. 308
Communication Difficulties	p. 310
The Meaning of the Loss of Functioning	p. 311
Severity of the Disability	p. 313
Quality of Life	p. 314
Pain and Trauma of the Disability	p. 316
Chronic Pain	p. 317
Psychogenic Pain Disorder	p. 318
More About Pain	p. 319
The Degree of Stigma Directed toward the Disability	p. 319
The Degree of Visibility of the Disability	p. 322
Degree of Disfigurement of the Disability	p. 325
Body Image	p. 325
Disfigurements as Social Handicaps	p. 326
The Treatment of Individuals with Disfiguring Disabilities	p. 328
Treatment	p. 331
The Perspective of the Client/Consumer	p. 334
What Do PWDs Want from Professional Care Providers?	p. 336
Conclusion	p. 337
List of Sources	p. 345
Index	p. 347
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