Discovering Biological Psychology

by Freberg, Laura

• ISBN13: 9780618086160
• ISBN10: 0618086161
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-22
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Discovering Biological Psychologyis a text for the beginning undergraduate course in biological, or physiological, psychology. The book provides a foundational understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system and its relationship to both typical and disordered human behavior. Written by an author with more than 25 years of teaching experience at schools ranging from community colleges to the Ivy League, this text presents classic concepts, current topics, and cutting-edge research in a style that is at once accessible to beginning and less well-prepared students and appealing to students with stronger backgrounds. Instructors using this text can teach a rigorous course that does not oversimplify the material, while keeping students excited and engaged. An effective illustration program supports and clarifies the content. Visible student-centered pedagogy guides students through complex scientific concepts. In presenting a new topic, the author creates a compelling narrative to bring together multiple related concepts.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Author	xvii
Introducing Biological Psychology	2	(26)
Biological Psychology as an Interdisciplinary Field	3	(1)
Highlights in the Biological Psychology Timeline	3	(5)
Interim Summary 1.1	7	(1)
Research Methods in Biological Psychology	8	(13)
Histology	8	(1)
Autopsy	9	(1)
Imaging	9	(3)
Recording	12	(4)
Stimulation	16	(1)
Lesion	17	(1)
Pharmacological Methods	18	(1)
Genetic Methods	19	(1)
Interim Summary 1.2	20	(1)
Research Ethics	21	(7)
Human Participants Guidelines	23	(1)
The Ethics of Research on the Internet	23	(1)
Animal Subjects Guidelines	24	(1)
Interim Summary 1.3	25	(1)
New Directions: New Ethical Challenges Regarding Stem Cell Research	26	(1)
Thought Questions	27	(1)
Recommended Reading	27	(1)
Key Terms	27	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	27	(1)
The Anatomy of the Nervous System	28	(30)
Anatomical Directions and Planes of Section	29	(3)
Protecting and Supplying the Nervous System	32	(3)
The Meninges	32	(1)
The Cerebrospinal Fluid	33	(1)
The Blood Supply	34	(1)
Interim Summary 2.1	35	(1)
The Central Nervous System	35	(14)
The Spinal Cord	35	(2)
The Hindbrain	37	(2)
The Midbrain	39	(2)
The Forebrain	41	(7)
Interim Summary 2.2	48	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System	49	(9)
The Cranial Nerves	49	(1)
The Spinal Nerves	50	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	51	(3)
Interim Summary 2.3	54	(1)
New Directions: The Autonomic Nervous System and Stress	55	(1)
Thought Questions	56	(1)
Recommended Reading	56	(1)
Key Terms	56	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	57	(1)
Cells of the Nervous System	58	(32)
Neurons and Glia	59	(10)
The Neuron Doctrine	59	(1)
The Structure of Neurons	60	(5)
Structural Variations in Neurons	65	(1)
Functional Variations in Neurons	65	(1)
Glia	65	(4)
Interim Summary 3.1	69	(1)
The Generation of the Action Potential	69	(6)
The Ionic Composition of the Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids	69	(1)
Factors That Move Molecules	70	(2)
The Resting Potential	72	(1)
The Action Potential	73	(2)
The Propagation of the Action Potential	75	(3)
Interim Summary 3.2	77	(1)
The Synapse	78	(8)
Electrical Synapses	79	(1)
Chemical Synapses	80	(6)
Neuromodulation	86	(4)
Interim Summary 3.3	87	(1)
New Directions: Tetanus and the Lack of Inhibition	88	(1)
Thought Questions	88	(1)
Recommended Reading	89	(1)
Key Terms	89	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	89	(1)
Psychopharmacology	90	(30)
Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Neurohormones	91	(9)
Identifying Neurotransmitters	91	(1)
Types of Neurotransmitters	92	(7)
Interim Summary 4.1	99	(1)
Drug Actions at the Synapse	100	(4)
Agonists and Antagonists	100	(1)
Neurotransmitter Production	100	(1)
Neurotransmitter Storage	101	(1)
Neurotransmitter Release	101	(1)
Receptor Effects	101	(2)
Reuptake Effects and Enzymatic Degradation	103	(1)
Basic Principles of Drug Effects	104	(5)
Administration of Drugs	104	(1)
Individual Differences in Response	104	(1)
Placebo Effects	105	(1)
Tolerance and Withdrawal	105	(2)
Addiction	107	(1)
Interim Summary 4.2	108	(1)
Effects of Psychoactive Drugs	109	(11)
Stimulants	109	(2)
Opiates	111	(1)
Marijuana	112	(2)
Other Hallucinogens	114	(1)
Alcohol	115	(1)
St. John's Wort	116	(1)
Interim Summary 4.3	117	(1)
New Directions: Designer Drugs	118	(1)
Thought Questions	118	(1)
Recommended Reading	118	(1)
Key Terms	119	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	119	(1)
The Genetics, Evolution, and Development of the Human Brain	120	(34)
Genetics and Behavior	121	(9)
From Genes to Proteins	123	(1)
Sources of Genetic Diversity	123	(5)
The Roles of Heredity and Environment	128	(1)
Interim Summary 5.1	129	(1)
Evolution	130	(3)
Evolution of the Nervous System	130	(1)
Evolution of the Human Brain	131	(1)
Human Brain	131	(2)
Interim Summary 5.2	133	(1)
Development	133	(21)
Growth and Differentiation of the Nervous System	133	(9)
The Effect of Experience on Development	142	(3)
Disorders of Brain Development	145	(2)
Redevelopment in Response to Damage	147	(2)
The Aging Nervous System	149	(2)
Interim Summary 5.3	151	(1)
New Directions: Can We Stop the Aging Process?	152	(1)
Thought Questions	152	(1)
Recommended Reading	153	(1)
Key Terms	153	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	153	(1)
Vision	154	(34)
Characteristics of Light	155	(3)
The Advantages of Light as a Stimulus	155	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	156	(1)
Absorption, Reflection, and Refraction	156	(1)
Interim Summary 6.1	157	(1)
The Structures and Functions of the Visual System	158	(19)
Protecting the Eye	158	(1)
The Anatomy of the Eye	158	(3)
The Layered Organization of the Retina	161	(1)
Photoreceptors	161	(3)
Differences Between Rods and Cones	164	(1)
Processing by Retinal Interneurons	165	(4)
Optic Nerve Connections	169	(2)
The Striate Cortex	171	(3)
Visual Analysis Beyond the Striate Cortex	174	(2)
Interim Summary 6.2	176	(1)
Visual Perception	177	(4)
Hierarchies	177	(1)
Spatial Frequencies	178	(1)
The Perception of Depth	179	(1)
Coding Color	179	(2)
The Development of the Visual System	181	(2)
Disorders of the Visual System	183	(5)
Amblyopia	183	(1)
Cataracts	183	(1)
Visual Acuity Problems	183	(1)
Blindness	184	(1)
Visual Agnosias	184	(1)
Interim Summary 6.3	185	(1)
New Directions: The Effect of Vision on Flavor	186	(1)
Thought Questions	186	(1)
Recommended Reading	186	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	187	(1)
Nonvisual Sensation and Perception	188	(36)
Audition	189	(13)
Sound as a Stimulus	189	(2)
The Structure and Function of the Auditory System	191	(7)
Auditory Perception	198	(2)
Hearing Disorders	200	(1)
Interim Summary 7.1	201	(1)
The Body Senses	202	(15)
The Vestibular System	202	(2)
Touch	204	(7)
Temperature	211	(1)
Pain	212	(4)
Interim Summary 7.2	216	(1)
The Chemical Senses	217	(7)
Olfaction	217	(2)
Taste	219	(2)
Interim Summary 7.3	221	(1)
New Directions: Yellow Smoky Voices and Sounds Like Briny Pickles	222	(1)
Thought Questions	222	(1)
Recommended Reading	222	(1)
Key Terms	223	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	223	(1)
Movement	224	(30)
Muscles	225	(6)
Types of Muscle	225	(1)
Muscle Anatomy and Contraction	225	(4)
The Effects of Exercise on Muscle	229	(1)
The Effects of Aging on Muscles	229	(1)
Sex Differences in Musculature	230	(1)
The Interaction of Muscles at a Joint	230	(1)
Neural Control of Muscles	231	(5)
Alpha Motor Neurons	231	(1)
The Motor Unit	231	(1)
The Control of Muscle Contractions	232	(1)
The Control of Spinal Motor Neurons	232	(3)
Interim Summary 8.1	235	(1)
Reflex Control of Movement	236	(2)
Monosynaptic Reflexes	236	(1)
Polysynaptic Reflexes	236	(1)
Reflexes over the Life Span	237	(1)
Motor Systems of the Brain	238	(7)
Spinal Motor Pathways	238	(2)
The Cerebellum	240	(1)
The Basal Ganglia	240	(1)
The Motor Cortex	240	(4)
Interim Summary 8.2	244	(1)
Disorders of Movement	245	(9)
Toxins	245	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	245	(1)
Muscular Dystrophy	245	(1)
Polio	246	(1)
Accidental Spinal Cord Damage	246	(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease)	247	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	247	(2)
Huntington's Disease	249	(2)
Interim Summary 8.3	251	(1)
New Directions: How Much Stronger and Faster Can We Get?	252	(1)
Thought Questions	252	(1)
Recommended Reading	253	(1)
Key Terms	253	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	253	(1)
Motivation: The Regulation of Temperature, Thirst, and Hunger	254	(30)
Homeostasis	256	(1)
Regulation of Body Temperature	256	(7)
Adaptations to Temperature	257	(1)
Behavioral Responses to Heat and Cold	258	(1)
Endothermic Responses to Heat and Cold	258	(1)
Deviations in Human Core Temperature	259	(1)
Brain Mechanisms for Temperature Regulation	260	(1)
Temperature Regulation in Infancy	261	(1)
Interim Summary 9.1	262	(1)
Thirst: Regulation of the Body's Fluid	263	(8)
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids	263	(1)
Osmosis Causes Water to Move	264	(1)
The Role of the Kidneys	265	(1)
The Sensation of Thirst	265	(1)
Mechanisms of Osmotic Thirst	266	(1)
Mechanisms of Hypovolemic Thirst	267	(1)
Hormones, Sodium, and Thirst	267	(2)
The Initiation of Drinking	269	(1)
Cessation of Drinking	269	(1)
Thirst and Sports Drinks	270	(1)
Interim Summary 9.2	270	(1)
Hunger: Regulation of the Body's Nutrients	271	(7)
The Influence of Culture on Food Choices	271	(1)
The Process of Digestion	271	(2)
The Pancreatic Hormones	273	(1)
The Initiation of Eating	274	(2)
Satiety	276	(2)
Obesity and Eating Disorders	278	(6)
Defining Normal Weight	278	(1)
Obesity	279	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	280	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	280	(1)
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia	281	(1)
Treatments for Eating Disorders	281	(1)
Interim Summary 9.3	282	(1)
New Directions: Mood and Food	282	(1)
Thought Questions	282	(1)
Recommended Reading	283	(1)
Key Terms	283	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	283	(1)
Sexual Behavior	284	(28)
Sexual Development	285	(9)
Genetic Abnormalities	286	(2)
Three Stages of Prenatal Development	288	(3)
Development at Puberty	291	(2)
Interim Summary 10.1	293	(1)
Hormones and Sexual Behavior	294	(6)
Regulation of Sex Hormones by the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland	294	(1)
The Menstrual Cycle and Female Fertility	294	(3)
Sex Hormones and Female Behavior	297	(1)
Sex Hormones and Male Behavior	298	(2)
Sex Differences in the Nervous System	300	(3)
Sexual Orientation	303	(2)
Hormones, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Orientation	303	(1)
Brain Structure and Sexual Orientation	304	(1)
Genes and Sexual Orientation	305	(1)
Interim Summary 10.2	305	(1)
Attraction	305	(3)
The Importance of Symmetry	306	(1)
The Beauty of Fertility and a Good Immune System	306	(1)
Locating Love in the Brain	307	(1)
Parental Behavior	308	(1)
The Influence of Hormones on Mating and Parenting	308	(1)
Genes and Parenting	309	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction and Treatment	309	(3)
Interim Summary 10.3	310	(1)
New Directions: Why Have Sex?	310	(1)
Thought Questions	311	(1)
Recommended Reading	311	(1)
Key Terms	311	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	311	(1)
Sleep and Waking	312	(30)
Circadian Rhythms	314	(6)
Variations in Sleep Patterns	314	(1)
Shift Work and Jet Lag	314	(1)
The Internal Clock	315	(2)
The Genetics of Circadian Rhythms	317	(1)
The Biochemistry of Circadian Rhythms	318	(1)
Seasonal Affective Disorder	319	(1)
Stages of Waking and Sleep	320	(3)
The Waking State	320	(1)
Brain Activity During Sleep	320	(3)
Sleep Throughout the Life Span	323	(1)
Dreaming During REM and SWS	324	(3)
Interim Summary 11.1	326	(1)
The Functions of Sleep	327	(2)
Sleep Keeps Us Safe	327	(1)
Sleep Preserves Energy	328	(1)
Sleep Restores Our Bodies	328	(1)
Effects of SWS Deprivation	328	(1)
Benefits of REM Sleep	329	(1)
Effects of REM Deprivation	329	(1)
Brain Mechanisms of Sleep and Arousal	329	(4)
The Control of SWS	330	(1)
The Control of Wakefulness	331	(1)
The Control of REM Sleep	332	(1)
Biochemistry of Sleep	333	(2)
Interim Summary 11.2	334	(1)
Sleep Disorders	335	(7)
Dyssomnias	335	(2)
Parasomnias	337	(2)
Interim Summary 11.3	339	(1)
New Directions: Can We Modify Our Sleep-Waking Cycles?	340	(1)
Thought Questions	341	(1)
Recommended Reading	341	(1)
Key Terms	341	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	341	(1)
Learning and Memory	342	(34)
Learning	343	(10)
Types of Learning	344	(1)
Using Invertebrates to Study Learning	345	(4)
Classical Conditioning in Vertebrates	349	(4)
Interim Summary 12.1	353	(1)
Memory	353	(23)
Types of Memory	354	(2)
Brain Mechanisms in Memory	356	(1)
The Temperal Lobe and Memory	357	(12)
Biochemical Factors in Long-Term Memory	369	(2)
Memory Failure	371	(2)
Interim Summary 12.2	373	(1)
New Directions: Can We Prevent Age-Related Memory Loss?	374	(1)
Thought Questions	374	(1)
Recommended Reading	374	(1)
Key Terms	375	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	375	(1)
Lateralization, Language, and Intelligence	376	(28)
Lateralization of Function	377	(9)
The Split Brain	377	(3)
The Development of Lateralization	380	(1)
Implications of Hemispheric Asymmetry for Behavior	381	(5)
Interim Summary 13.1	386	(1)
Language	386	(5)
Basic Features of Language	386	(1)
The Origins of Language	387	(1)
Are Nonhuman Animals Capable of Real Language?	388	(2)
Multilingualism	390	(1)
American Sign Language (ASL)	390	(1)
Communication Disorders and Brain Mechanisms for Language	391	(9)
Paul Broca and Patient ``Tan''	392	(1)
Aphasias	392	(5)
Disorders of Reading and Writing	397	(2)
Stuttering	399	(1)
Interim Summary 13.2	399	(1)
Intelligence	400	(3)
Assessing Intelligence	400	(1)
General or Specific Abilities	400	(1)
Heredity and Intelligence	401	(1)
Biological Correlates of Intelligence	401	(1)
Interim Summary 13.3	402	(1)
New Directions: The Relationship Between Music and Language	402	(1)
Thought Questions	403	(1)
Recommended Reading	403	(1)
Key Terms	403	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	403	(1)
Emotion, Aggression, Reward, and Stress	404	(26)
Emotion	405	(15)
The Evolution of Emotion	405	(1)
Expression and Recognition of Emotion	406	(4)
Theories of Emotion	410	(4)
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Emotion	414	(1)
Brain Mechanisms and Emotion	415	(4)
Interim Summary 14.1	419	(1)
Aggression and Violence	420	(3)
Genetics and Aggression	420	(1)
Brain Damage and Aggression	421	(1)
Biochemistry and Aggression	421	(2)
Pleasure and Reward	423	(1)
Stress	424	(6)
Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome	424	(1)
Physical and Psychological Responses to Stress	425	(2)
Stress, the Immune System, and Health	427	(1)
Interim Summary 14.2	428	(1)
New Directions: Coping with Stress	428	(1)
Thought Questions	429	(1)
Recommended Reading	429	(1)
Key Terms	429	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	429	(1)
Neurological Disorders	430	(26)
Major Classes of Neurological Disorders	431	(9)
Vascular Disorders	431	(3)
Open and Closed Head Injuries	434	(1)
Brain Tumors	435	(2)
Epilepsy	437	(2)
Interim Summary 15.1	439	(1)
Brain Infections	440	(7)
Parasites	440	(1)
Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Infections	441	(2)
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)	443	(4)
Migraine Headaches	447	(2)
Interim Summary 15.2	448	(1)
Assessment of Neurological Disorders	449	(1)
Recovery from Damage	450	(2)
Therapy for Brain Damage	452	(4)
Rehabilitation	452	(1)
Pharmacological Therapies	452	(1)
Neural Tissue Transplants	453	(1)
Interim Summary 15.3	454	(1)
New Directions: Using Virtual Reality (VR) for Rehabilitation Following Brain Injury	454	(1)
Thought Questions	454	(1)
Recommended Reading	454	(1)
Key Terms	455	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	455	(1)
Psychological Disorders	456
Schizophrenia	457	(9)
Genetics of Schizophrenia	458	(2)
Environmental Contributions to Schizophrenia	460	(1)
Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia	460	(4)
Biochemistry and Treatment of Schizophrenia	464	(2)
Interim Summary 16.1	466	(1)
Mood Disorders	466	(7)
Major Depressive Disorder	466	(5)
Bipolar Disorder	471	(1)
Interim Summary 16.2	472	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	473	(4)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	474	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	474	(2)
Panic Disorder	476	(1)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	476	(1)
Autism	477	(1)
Genetics of Autism	477	(1)
Brain Structure and Function in Autism	477	(1)
Biochemistry and Treatment of Autism	478	(1)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	478	(2)
Genetics of ADHD	478	(1)
Brain Structure and Function in ADHD	479	(1)
Biochemistry and Treatment of ADHD	480	(1)
Antisocial Personality Disorder	480
Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder	481	(1)
Brain Structure and Function in Antisocial Personality Disorder	481	(1)
Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder	482	(1)
Interim Summary 16.3	482	(1)
New Directions: The Roles of Nature and Nurture in Psychopathology	482	(1)
Thought Questions	483	(1)
Recommended Reading	483	(1)
Key Terms	483	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	483
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(9)
Subject Index	10