Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants

by Van Rheede Van Oudtshoorn, Karen; Van Rooyen, Margaretha W.; Van Rooyen, M. W.

• ISBN13: 9783540648864
• ISBN10: 3540648860
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications, TLCA '97, held in Nancy, France, in April 1997. The 24 revised full papers presented in the book were carefully selected from a total of 54 submissions. The book reports the main research advances achieved in the area of typed lambda calculi since the predecessor conference, held in 1995, and competently reflects the state of the art in the area.

Table of Contents

1 Background	1	(6)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Terminology	1	(1)
1.3 History of Dispersal Ecology in Deserts	2	(1)
1.4 Literature on Dispersal Ecology of Desert Plants	3	(1)
1.5 Classification of Dispersal Systems	4	(1)
1.5.1 The Morphological Nature of the Diaspore	4	(1)
1.5.2 Genetic Composition of the Diaspore	4	(1)
1.5.3 Preseumed on Observed Agent of Dispersal	5	(1)
1.5.4 Adaptive Features of Diaspores	5	(1)
1.6 Classification of Antitelechorous systems	5	(2)
2 Zoochory	7	(26)
2.1 Introduction	7	(1)
2.2 Epizoochory	8	(4)
2.2.1 Introduction	8	(1)
2.2.2 Morphology and Anatomy	8	(1)
2.2.3 Trample Burrs	9	(1)
2.2.4 Burrs	10	(1)
2.2.5 Sticky Diaspores	11	(1)
2.3 Zooballists	12	(1)
2.4 Synzoochory and Dyszoochory	12	(3)
2.4.1 Introduction	12	(1)
2.4.2 Examples of Synzoochory and Dyszoochory	13	(2)
2.5 Myrmecochory	15	(5)
2.5.1 Introduction	15	(2)
2.5.2 Morphology and Anatomy	17	(1)
2.5.3 Examples of Myrmecochory	18	(2)
2.6 Endozoochory	20	(9)
2.6.1 Introduction	20	(1)
2.6.2 Morphology and Anatomy	20	(1)
2.6.3 Endozoochory and Birds	21	(5)
2.6.4 Endozoochory and Mammals	26	(1)
2.6.5 Accidental Endozoochory	27	(2)
2.7 Conclusions	29	(4)
3 Anemochory	33	(36)
3.1 Introduction	33	(1)
3.2 Incidental Wind Action	34	(1)
3.3 Indirect Wind Action	34	(1)
3.4 Direct Wind Action	35	(19)
3.4.1 Dust Diaspores	36	(2)
3.4.2 Balloons	38	(2)
3.4.3 Hairy (Comose/Plumed) Diaspores	40	(6)
3.4.4 Winged Diaspores	46	(6)
3.4.5 Chamae-anemochores	52	(2)
3.5 Theoretical and Experimental Considerations	54	(14)
3.5.1 Movement in a Horizontal Wind	55	(6)
3.5.2 Lofting Ability	61	(2)
3.5.3 Terminal Velocities of Diaspores	63	(5)
3.6 Conclusions	68	(1)
4 Hydrochory	69	(12)
4.1 Introduction	69	(1)
4.2 Nautohydrochory	70	(1)
4.3 Ombrohydrochory	71	(5)
4.3.1 Crumbling Containers	71	(1)
4.3.2 Dehiscent Containers	72	(1)
4.3.3 Rain Wash	72	(1)
4.3.4 Rain Ballism	73	(1)
4.3.5 Hygrochasy	74	(1)
4.3.6 Trypanospermy	74	(1)
4.3.7 Myxospermy	75	(1)
4.4 Ecological Significance of Hydrochory	76	(3)
4.4.1 Protection from Predation	76	(1)
4.4.2 Release of Only a Portion of the Seeds at a Time	77	(1)
4.4.3 Germination at the Most Suitable Time	78	(1)
4.4.4 Germination at the Most Suitable Place	79	(1)
4.5 Conclusions	79	(2)
5 Autochory	81	(12)
5.1 Introduction	81	(1)
5.2 Telechoric Ballistic Dispersal Mechanisms	81	(7)
5.2.1 Ballistic Dispersal by Turgor Mechanisms	82	(1)
5.2.1.1 Morphology and Anatomy	82	(1)
5.2.1.2 Examples of Dispersal by Turgor Mechanisms	83	(1)
5.2.2 Ballistic Dispersal by Imbibition Mechanisms	84	(1)
5.2.2.1 Morphology and Anatomy	84	(1)
5.2.2.2 Examples of Dispersal by Imbibition Mechanisms	85	(3)
5.3 Telechoric Dispersal by Hygroscopic Movements	88	(1)
5.3.1 Morphology and Anatomy	88	(1)
5.3.2 Examples of Dispersal by Hygroscopic Movements	89	(1)
5.4 Trypanospermy	89	(2)
5.4.1 Morphology and Anatomy	90	(1)
5.4.2 Examples of Trypanospermy	90	(1)
5.5 Conclusions	91	(2)
6 Restriction of Dispersal Due to Reduction of Dispersal Structures	93	(28)
6.1 Introduction	93	(1)
6.2 Atelechory	93	(1)
6.3 Synaptospermy	94	(7)
6.3.1 Introduction	94	(1)
6.3.2 Examples of Synaptospermy	95	(1)
6.3.2.1 Synaptospermy Originating from One Flower	95	(1)
6.3.2.2 Synaptospermy Originating from More than One Flower	96	(2)
6.3.3 Ecological Significance of Synaptospermy	98	(3)
6.4 Heterodiaspory	101	(14)
6.4.1 Introduction	101	(1)
6.4.2 Families in Which Heterodiaspory Occurs	102	(1)
6.4.3 Examples of Heterodiaspory	102	(4)
6.4.4 Ecological Significance of Heterodiaspory	106	(1)
6.4.4.1 Morphology	107	(3)
6.4.4.2 Germination	110	(2)
6.4.4.3 Growth and Competition of Plants Cultivated from the Different Seed Morphs	112	(1)
6.4.4.4 Seed Production	112	(3)
6.4.4.5 Conclusions	115	(1)
6.5 Amphicarpy	115	(2)
6.5.1 Introduction	115	(1)
6.5.2 Families in Which Amphicarpy Occurs	115	(1)
6.5.3 Examples of Amphicarpy	116	(1)
6.5.4 Ecological Significance of Amphicarpy	117	(1)
6.6 Geocarpy	117	(1)
6.6.1 Introduction	117	(1)
6.6.2 Families in Which Geocarpy Occurs	117	(1)
6.6.3 Examples of Geocarpy	117	(1)
6.6.4 Ecological Significance of Geocarpy	118	(1)
6.7 Basicarpy	118	(1)
6.8 Conclusions	119	(2)
7 Restriction of Dispersal Due to Anchorage Mechanisms	121	(22)
7.1 Introduction	121	(1)
7.2 Myxospermy	121	(14)
7.2.1 Introduction	121	(1)
7.2.2 Examples of Myxospermy	122	(1)
7.2.2.1 Monocotyledonae	122	(1)
7.2.2.2 Brassicaceae	122	(2)
7.2.2.3 Acanthaceae	124	(1)
7.2.2.4 Plantaginaceae	124	(1)
7.2.2.5 Lamiaceae	124	(1)
7.2.2.6 Scrophulariaceae	125	(1)
7.2.2.7 Asteraceae	126	(3)
7.2.3 Ecological Significance of Myxospermy	129	(1)
7.2.3.1 Moist Conditions	130	(2)
7.2.3.2 Dry Conditions	132	(3)
7.3 Trypanospermy	135	(6)
7.3.1 Introduction	135	(2)
7.3.2 Examples of Trypanospermy	137	(1)
7.3.2.1 Poaceae	137	(1)
7.3.2.2 Geraniaceae	138	(2)
7.3.3 Ecological Significance of Trypanospermy	140	(1)
7.4 Conclusions	141	(2)
8 Restriction of Dispersal in Time	143	(26)
8.1 Introduction	143	(1)
8.2 Aestatiphory	144	(2)
8.3 Hygrochasy	146	(19)
8.3.1 Monocotyledonae	146	(1)
8.3.2 Brassicaceae	146	(1)
8.3.3 Plantaginaceae	147	(1)
8.3.4 Acanthaceae	148	(4)
8.3.5 Scrophulariaceae	152	(1)
8.3.6 Asteraceae	152	(2)
8.3.7 Mesembryanthemaceae	154	(11)
8.4 Ecological Significance of Bradyspory	165	(2)
8.4.1 Protection from Predators	166	(1)
8.4.2 Spreading the Risk of Dispersal and Germination over Several Years	166	(1)
8.4.3 Regulating the Timing of Germination	166	(1)
8.4.4 Deposition of Seeds in a Suitable Place	167	(1)
8.5 Conclusions	167	(2)
9 Dispersal Spectra	169	(14)
9.1 Introduction	169	(1)
9.2 Zoochory	169	(3)
9.2.1 Endozoochory	170	(1)
9.2.2 Epizoochory	171	(1)
9.2.3 Myrmecochory	172	(1)
9.3 Anemochory	172	(1)
9.4 Hydrochory	173	(1)
9.5 Autochory	173	(1)
9.6 Atelechory and Antitelechory	174	(7)
9.6.1 Basicarpy	178	(1)
9.6.2 Synaptospermy	178	(1)
9.6.3 Heterodiaspory	178	(1)
9.6.4 Amphicarpy	179	(1)
9.6.5 Geocarpy	179	(1)
9.6.6 Myxospermy	179	(1)
9.6.7 Trypanospermy	179	(1)
9.6.8 Hygrochasy	180	(1)
9.7 Conclusions	181	(2)
10 Seed Dispersal and Population Dynamics	183	(18)
10.1 Introduction	183	(1)
10.2 Seed Development	184	(2)
10.3 Seed Dispersal	186	(5)
10.3.1 Primary Dispersal	186	(1)
10.3.2 Secondary Dispersal	187	(4)
10.4 Germination	191	(3)
10.5 Establishment	194	(1)
10.6 Consequences of Dispersal	194	(4)
10.6.1 Colonizing of Suitable Sites	195	(1)
10.6.2 Escaping the Negative Effects of the Parent Site	196	(2)
10.7 Reasons for Atelechory/Antitelechory	198	(1)
10.8 Conclusions	199	(2)
References	201	(16)
Glossary	217	(14)
Index of Plant Names	231	(6)
Index of Animal Names	237	(2)
Subject Index	239