Display Systems Design and Applications

by MacDonald, Lindsay; Lowe, Anthony C.

• ISBN13: 9780471958703
• ISBN10: 0471958700
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-07
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

A current overview of Display Systems, written by recognised experts in the field. This book gives practical guidance on the latest technological developments and new application areas of displays which will enable the reader to gain an understanding of the current state of the art as well as the major trends that will shape future applications of displays and display systems. Display Systems offers an insight into display technology with a view to defining its best potential, by focusing on performance assessment and optimum utilisation. It brings together complimentary disciplines of design, hardware and usage, covering a wide range of developments, and is written by leading international experts. The book is divided into three sections: (1) requirements for display systems, covering topics such as applications and evaluation; (2) display technology, covering developments in flat panel displays as well as CRTs; and (3) display characterisation, including measurement techniques and colour specification. Also covered are ergonomic requirements for display systems and their mutual dependence on standards. The book will be welcomed by scientists, technologists and engineers active in the field and also by the developers of a wide range of systems and applications for displays. Its technical content is suitable for final year undergraduate or postgraduate study. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Indeed, it is the only international society dedicated solely to this field, which is broad and interdisciplinary, not only in the scientific sense, but through development and manufacturing to marketing. Wiley SID Series in Display Technology This volume is the first in the series which aims to present a comprehensive technical discussion of the many disciplines which must be combined in the development of display systems. Further volumes will be announced in due course and more information on SID, its aims and activities can be found from its home page.

Author Biography

Lindsay MacDonald is Professor of Multimedia Imaging at the Colour & Imaging Institute, University of Derby. For 18 years he was with Crosfield Electronics Ltd, where he designed and wrote the software for the world's first computer-based page composition system in 1977. Professor MacDonald is a Fellow of the British Computer Society, the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Royal Photographic Society, and the Royal Society of Arts. He is co-author or co-editor of a number of books, including Computer Generated Colour, Display Systems: Design and Applications, Colour Imaging: Vision and Technology and Colour Image Science: Exploiting Digital Media.

Table of Contents

Colour plates	xv	(2)
About the editors	xvii	(2)
Contributors	xix	(4)
Preface	xxiii	(2)
Abbreviations	xxv
PART 1 APPLICATIONS -- What drives the requirements for displays?	3	(132)
1 How applications have driven display requirements	3	(14)
Carl Machover
1.1 Introduction	3	(1)
1.2 Applications of displays	4	(4)
1.3 Resolution and addressability	8	(3)
1.4 Brightness and colour	11	(1)
1.5 Flicker and image motion	12	(1)
1.6 Field of view and display size	12	(2)
1.7 Other factors	14	(1)
1.8 Conclusion	14	(1)
Bibliography	15	(2)
2 Display requirements for desktop electronic imaging	17	(26)
Lindsay MacDonald
2.1 Introduction	17	(1)
2.2 Quality in product design	18	(3)
2.2.1 Quality Function Deployment	18	(1)
2.2.2 Voice of the customer	19	(2)
2.3 Gathering user requirements for displays	21	(3)
2.3.1 Focus Group of experts	21	(1)
2.3.2 Constructing a PST tree	22	(1)
2.3.3 Analysis of the PST tree for displays	23	(1)
2.4 EASI analysis	24	(6)
2.4.1 The EASI groups	24	(1)
2.4.2 The Quality Game	25	(3)
2.4.3 Analysis of EASI results	28	(2)
2.5 Results of the study	30	(3)
2.6 Conclusions	33	(1)
References	33	(1)
Appendix A: PST tree of requirements for desktop displays	34	(5)
Appendix B: Results of EASI classification of secondaries	39	(4)
3 Application requirements and the evolution of displays	43	(18)
Philip Robertson
3.1 Introduction	43	(2)
3.2 The needs of advanced applications	45	(7)
3.2.1 Achieving interaction -- performance requirements	46	(2)
3.2.2 Working context or `paradigm' -- generic architecture requirements	48	(2)
3.2.3 Display surface -- GUI and geometry requirements	50	(1)
3.2.4 Overall implications of application requirements	51	(1)
3.3 Display support for perceptual colour addressing	52	(3)
3.3.1 Requirements for perceptual colour control	52	(1)
3.3.2 Perceptual colour gamut representations	53	(1)
3.3.3 Implications for display design -- perceptual colour control	54	(1)
3.4 Perceptual sound control	55	(1)
3.5 Perceptual texture control	56	(2)
3.6 Summary and broader issues	58	(1)
Acknowledgements	58	(1)
References	59	(2)
4 Head-mounted display technology in virtual reality systems	61	(22)
Richard Holmes
4.1 Introduction	61	(2)
4.2 Overview of VR display requirements	63	(1)
4.3 Review of HMD options	64	(3)
4.3.1 Cathode ray tubes	64	(1)
4.3.2 Flat panel displays	65	(1)
4.3.3 Advanced alternative display technologies	66	(1)
4.4 Human factors of head-mounted displays	67	(4)
4.4.1 Photosensitive epilepsy	67	(1)
4.4.2 Accommodation and convergence disassociation	68	(1)
4.4.3 Motion sickness	68	(1)
4.4.4 Image quality	69	(1)
4.4.5 Colour	70	(1)
4.4.6 Brightness	70	(1)
4.4.7 Contrast	71	(1)
4.5 Technical issues in head-mounted displays	71	(10)
4.5.1 Backlights	71	(1)
4.5.2 Resolution	72	(1)
4.5.3 Transmittance	73	(1)
4.5.4 Pixel shape	74	(1)
4.5.5 Screen aspect ratio	74	(1)
4.5.6 Display size	75	(5)
4.5.7 Viewing angle	80	(1)
4.5.8 Screen refresh rate	80	(1)
4.5.9 Video format	80	(1)
4.5.10 Screen geometry	81	(1)
4.6 Conclusion	81	(1)
References	82	(1)
5 Evaluating the spatial and textual style of displays	83	(14)
Ben Shneiderman
Richard Chimera
Ninad Jog
Ren Stimart
David White
5.1 Introduction	83	(2)
5.2 GUI design metrics	85	(1)
5.3 Dialogue evaluation methods	86	(6)
5.3.1 Dialogue box summary table	87	(5)
5.4 Testing our methods	92	(1)
5.5 Conclusions	93	(2)
Acknowledgements	95	(1)
References	95	(2)
6 Estimation of the visibility of small image features on a VDU	97	(20)
Dick Bosman
6.1 Introduction	97	(2)
6.2 Response to symbol structure	99	(4)
6.2.1 Analysis in the opto-spatial distance domain	99	(3)
6.2.2 Analysis in the opto-spatial frequency domain	102	(1)
6.3 Comfortably seeing detail	103	(6)
6.3.1 Visibility in terms of just noticeable differences (JNDs)	103	(2)
6.3.2 Average brightness resulting from local modulation within the symbol	105	(2)
6.3.3 Effects of stroke width and character height	107	(2)
6.4 Effect of blur	109	(2)
6.5 Effect of active area of the display element on local brightness modulation	111	(1)
6.6 Effect of colour	112	(2)
6.7 Concluding remarks	114	(1)
References	115	(2)
7 Colour matrix displays: a paradigm shift for the future of electronic colour imaging	117	(18)
Louis Silverstein
7.1 Introduction	117	(3)
7.2 Empirical studies of CMD image quality	120	(4)
7.3 Display modelling and optimisation	124	(5)
7.4 The future of electronic colour displays	129	(2)
Acknowledgements	131	(1)
References	131	(4)
PART 2 TECHNOLOGY -- What can current displays deliver?	135	(126)
8 Matching display technology to the application	135	(22)
Anthony Lowe
8.1 Introduction	135	(1)
8.2 Comparing technologies and visualizing comparisons	136	(1)
8.3 Head-mounted displays	137	(6)
8.3.1 General considerations	137	(1)
8.3.2 Pixel size	137	(3)
8.3.3 Display module weight	140	(1)
8.3.4 Display power and operating voltage	141	(1)
8.3.5 Summary and conclusion	142	(1)
8.4 Displays greater than 0.5 m diagonal	143	(2)
8.5 Direct view display technologies less than 0.5 m diagonal	145	(8)
8.5.1 Introduction	145	(1)
8.5.2 Low power reflective displays	145	(5)
8.5.3 Light emitting direct view displays with wide viewing angle	150	(1)
8.5.4 Notebook computer displays	151	(2)
8.6 Conclusion	153	(1)
References	153	(4)
9 Active matrix addressing of LCDs: merits and shortcomings	157	(16)
Ernst Luder
9.1 Introduction	157	(1)
9.2 Operation of TFTs and MIMs	158	(4)
9.3 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs	162	(4)
9.4 Brightness of AMLCDs	168	(2)
9.5 Conclusions, applications and future trends	170	(1)
References	171	(2)
10 The structure, performance and future of passive matrix LCDs	173	(18)
Alan Mosley
10.1 Introduction	173	(1)
10.2 Structure and fabrication	174	(2)
10.3 Supertwist liquid crystal displays	176	(5)
10.3.1 Operation and performance	176	(3)
10.3.2 Recent developments	179	(1)
10.3.3 Future potential	179	(2)
10.4 Ferroelectric LCDs	181	(5)
10.4.1 History and operating principles	181	(3)
10.4.2 Future potential	184	(2)
10.5 Polymer stabilised cholesteric texture LCDs	186	(2)
10.5.1 History and operating principles	186	(2)
10.5.2 Future Potential	188	(1)
10.6 Conclusion	188	(1)
References	189	(2)
11 Emissive displays: the relative merits of ACTFEL, plasma and FEDs	191	(32)
Jean-Pierre Budin
11.1 Introduction	191	(1)
11.2 Alternating current thin film electroluminescent displays (ACTFEL)	192	(10)
11.2.1 Operating principles, specificities and panel construction	192	(8)
11.2.2 Performance of ACTFEL panels, present and future	200	(2)
11.3 Plasma display panels (PDPs)	202	(12)
11.3.1 Operating principles, specificities and panel construction	202	(10)
11.3.2 Plasma display performance, present and future	212	(2)
11.4 Field emission displays (FEDs)	214	(4)
11.4.1 Operating principles, specificity and panel construction	214	(3)
11.4.2 Performance of FEDs, present and future	217	(1)
11.5 Conclusion	218	(1)
Acknowledgements	219	(1)
References	219	(4)
12 The CRT as the display of the future	223	(14)
Seyno Sluyterman
12.1 Introduction	223	(1)
12.2 CRT basics	224	(1)
12.3 The electron gun	224	(3)
12.4 The yoke	227	(3)
12.5 The shadowmask	230	(3)
12.6 The phosphors	233	(1)
12.7 The screen glass	234	(2)
12.8 Conclusion	236	(1)
References	236	(1)
13 Projection systems	237	(24)
Patrick Candry
13.1 Light valve projector system design	237	(1)
13.2 CRT Projector system design	238	(2)
13.3 Light valve technologies	240	(4)
13.4 CRT technology	244	(1)
13.5 Light source and illumination system for light valve projectors	245	(4)
13.6 Projection optics for light valve and CRT Projection	249	(4)
13.7 Conclusion	253	(3)
References	256	(5)
PART 3 METROLOGY -- How can display performance be evaluated?	261	(152)
14 Principles of display measurement and calibration	261	(28)
Jean Glasser
14.1 Introduction	261	(1)
14.2 Overview of display characterisation parameters	262	(3)
14.3 Standardised characterisation methods	265	(2)
14.3.1 Function and benefit of the standards	265	(1)
14.3.2 The players in display measurement standards and the current state-of-the-art	265	(2)
14.4 Characterizing the visual stimulus: photo-colorimetric measuring instruments and their practical use	267	(8)
14.4.1 Using measuring instruments to obtain photo-colorimetric data	267	(6)
14.4.2 Electro-optical transfer	273	(2)
14.5 Characterisation parameters	275	(11)
14.5.1 Spatial parameters	275	(4)
14.5.2 Temporal parameters	279	(1)
14.5.3 Parameters depending on ambient illuminance	280	(1)
14.5.4 Parameters depending on the viewing direction	281	(5)
14.6 Conclusion	286	(1)
Acknowledgements	286	(1)
References	286	(3)
15 Optical characterisation of LCDs: pitfalls and solutions	289	(20)
Ludwig Selhuber
Amboise Parker
15.1 Introduction	289	(1)
15.2 Characterisation tools	290	(7)
15.2.1 Luminance and contrast measurements	292	(4)
15.2.2 Colour measurements	296	(1)
15.3 Characterisation methods	297	(3)
15.3.1 Goniometric method	297	(2)
15.3.2 Conoscopic method	299	(1)
15.4 Obtaining reliable measurements	300	(7)
15.4.1 Goniometric features	301	(4)
15.4.2 Conoscopic features	305	(1)
15.4.3 Monitor calibration	306	(1)
15.5 Conclusion	307	(1)
References	307	(2)
16 Measurement and standardisation in the colorimetry of CRT displays	309	(20)
Andrew Hanson
16.1 Introduction	309	(1)
16.2 Colour specification	310	(1)
16.3 Colour CRT technology overview	311	(2)
16.4 Potential sources of measurement error for CRTs	313	(4)
16.4.1 Spatial colour variability	313	(1)
16.4.2 Short term temporal factors	314	(1)
16.4.3 Changes over longer periods of time	314	(1)
16.4.4 Spectral power distribution	314	(1)
16.4.5 Black and white point settings	315	(1)
16.4.6 Ambient light	315	(1)
16.4.7 Non-additivity of primaries	316	(1)
16.4.8 Environmental factors	316	(1)
16.5 The spectroradiometer	317	(5)
16.5.1 Critical design factors	317	(1)
16.5.2 Scanning spectroradiometer	318	(1)
16.5.3 Multi-channel spectroradiometer	319	(1)
16.5.4 Sources of error for spectroradiometers	320	(1)
16.5.5 Traceability for the scales of spectroradiometers	321	(1)
16.6 The colorimeter	322	(2)
16.6.1 Major sources of error for colorimeters	323	(1)
16.6.2 Calibration of a colorimeter	324	(1)
16.7 Traceability to national standards	324	(3)
16.7.1 The national measurement system (NMS)	324	(1)
16.7.2 Spectral radiance and spectroradiometric scales	325	(1)
16.7.3 Reflectance and transmittance scales	325	(1)
16.7.4 Colour	326	(1)
16.7.5 Measurement of colour of displays	326	(1)
References	327	(2)
17 Techniques for high-quality, low-cost, colour measurement of CRTs	329	(24)
Tom Lianza
17.1 The challenges of embedded monitor control	329	(4)
17.1.1 The sensor architecture and selection process	330	(1)
17.1.2 Product cost	330	(1)
17.1.3 Factors affecting measurement speed	330	(2)
17.1.4 Minimizing environmental constraints	332	(1)
17.2 Spectral emission of the monitor	333	(3)
17.3 Spectral response of the instrument	336	(1)
17.4 Device calibration and sources of error	337	(7)
17.4.1 Spectral response functions	337	(2)
17.4.2 Electrical and photo-optical noise	339	(3)
17.4.3 Temporal errors in monitor measurement	342	(2)
17.5 Control of the monitor	344	(2)
17.5.1 Display adjustments	344	(1)
17.5.2 Controlling the digital display card	345	(1)
17.5.3 Controlling the digital display chassis	346	(1)
17.6 Matching monitors	346	(4)
17.6.1 Limits and bounds	347	(1)
17.6.2 Architectural implementation of monitor matching	347	(2)
17.6.3 Operating procedure for monitor matching	349	(1)
17.7 Measurement of ambient illumination	350	(1)
17.8 Conclusions	351	(2)
References	351	(2)
18 The dynamic performance of CRT and LC displays	353	(12)
David Parker
18.1 Introduction	353	(1)
18.2 Subjective Considerations	353	(3)
18.2.1 Flicker	354	(1)
18.2.2 Dynamic resolution	354	(1)
18.2.3 Portrayal of motion	355	(1)
18.3 CRT displays	356	(1)
18.4 AMLCD displays	357	(3)
18.5 Field rate conversions	360	(3)
18.6 Conclusions	363	(1)
References	364	(1)
19 Evaluating stereoscopic displays for 3D imagery	365	(24)
Tim Bardsley
Ian Sexton
19.1 Introduction	365	(1)
19.2 Application requirements	366	(3)
19.2.1 Video imaging	366	(1)
19.2.2 Synthetic imaging	367	(1)
19.2.3 Hybrid systems	368	(1)
19.3 Assessment of display types	369	(5)
19.3.1 Image crosstalk	371	(1)
19.3.2 Flicker	372	(1)
19.3.3 Binocular colour rivalry	373	(1)
19.3.4 Image intensity	373	(1)
19.3.5 Lateral resolution	373	(1)
19.4 Evaluation philosophy	374	(1)
19.5 Experimental objectives	375	(1)
19.6 Method	375	(4)
19.6.1 Target tracking	377	(1)
19.6.2 Depth discrimination	378	(1)
19.6.3 Experimental procedure	378	(1)
19.7 Results	379	(5)
19.7.1 Target tracking performance	379	(2)
19.7.2 Depth discrimination performance	381	(2)
19.7.3 Subjective ranking	383	(1)
19.8 Discussion	384	(1)
19.9 Conclusions	385	(1)
Acknowledgements	386	(1)
References	386	(3)
20 Evaluating the usability of workstation displays: a `real-world' perspective	389	(24)
Nigel Heaton
Jim McKenzie
Andrew Baird
20.1 Introduction	389	(2)
20.2 Impact of standards and legislation	391	(4)
20.2.1 The DSE regulations	391	(2)
20.2.2 The Annex of minimum requirements	393	(1)
20.2.3 BS and ISO Standards	394	(1)
20.3 Display usability an ergonomics perspective	395	(7)
20.3.1 The user	397	(1)
20.3.2 Task requirements	398	(1)
20.3.3 Software Interface Styles	399	(3)
20.4 The working environment	402	(4)
20.4.1 The visual environment	402	(1)
20.4.2 Lighting and contrast	403	(2)
20.4.3 Humidity	405	(1)
20.4.4 Workstation constraints	405	(1)
20.5 Essential display characteristics	406	(1)
20.6 Usability evaluation: techniques and metrics	407	(3)
20.6.1 Development of methods	407	(1)
20.6.2 Checklists and standards	408	(1)
20.6.3 Selecting monitors -- a case study	408	(2)
20.7 Conclusions	410	(1)
References	411	(2)
Index	413