Distributed Network Systems

by Jia, Weijia; Zhou, Wanlei

• ISBN13: 9780387238395
• ISBN10: 0387238395
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-30
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc

Summary

This volume covers both theoretical and practical aspects of distributed computing. It describes the client-server model for developing distributed network systems, the communication paradigms used in a distributed network system, and the principles of reliability and security in the design of distributed network systems. Based on theoretical introductions, the book presents various implementation strategies and techniques for building distributed network systems, including examples in TCP/IP communications, the use of remote procedure call and remote method invocation techniques, and the development of web-based applications, distributed databases, and mobile computing systems.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
Acknowledgements	xx
Biography of Authors	xxi
Table of Figures	xxii
Overview of Distributed Network Systems	1	(14)
Distributed Systems	1	(1)
Computer Networks	2	(3)
Network History	2	(1)
Network Architecture	3	(1)
Network Fault Tolerance	4	(1)
Protocols and QoS	5	(1)
Software for Distributed Computing	6	(4)
Traditional Client-Server Model	6	(1)
Web-Based Distributed Computing Models	7	(2)
Web-based Client-Server Computing	9	(1)
The Agent-Based Computing Models	10	(2)
Summary	12	(3)
Exercises	13	(2)
Modelling for Distributed Network Systems: The Client-Server Model	15	(18)
Issues Leading to the Client-Server Model	15	(1)
The Client-Server Model in a Distributed Computing System	16	(2)
Basic Concepts	16	(1)
Features and Problems of the Client-Server Model	17	(1)
Cooperation between Clients and Servers	18	(2)
Cooperation Type and Chained Server	18	(1)
Multiple Servers	19	(1)
Extensions to the Client-Server Model	20	(4)
Agents and Indirect Client-Server Cooperation	20	(2)
The Three-Tier Client-Server Architecture	22	(2)
Service Discovery	24	(4)
Hardwiring Computer Address	25	(1)
Broadcast Approach	25	(1)
Name Server Approach	26	(1)
Broker-Based Location Lookup	27	(1)
Client-Server Interoperability	28	(1)
The Relationship	29	(1)
Summary	30	(3)
Exercises	30	(3)
Communication Paradigms for Distributed Network Systems	33	(32)
Introduction	33	(1)
Message Passing Communication	34	(10)
What is a Message?	34	(2)
Message-Passing Mechanisms	36	(1)
Basic Message-Passing Primitives	36	(1)
Direct and Indirect Communication Ports	37	(1)
Blocking versus Non-blocking Primitives	38	(2)
Buffered versus Unbuffered Message Passing Primitives	40	(2)
Unreliable versus Reliable Primitives	42	(2)
Structured Forms of Message-Passing Based Communication	44	(1)
Remote Procedure Calls	44	(6)
Executing Remote Procedure Calls	44	(2)
Basic Features and Properties	46	(1)
Parameters and Results in RPCs	47	(1)
Representation of Parameters and Results	47	(1)
Marshalling Parameters and Results	48	(1)
Client Server Binding	48	(2)
Message Passing versus Remote Procedure Calls	50	(1)
Group Communication	51	(4)
Basic Concepts	51	(1)
Group Structures	52	(1)
Behaviour Classification of Process Groups	53	(1)
Closed and Open Groups	53	(1)
Group Membership Discovery and Operations	53	(2)
Distributed Shared Memory	55	(8)
What is a Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) System?	55	(2)
Design and Implementation Issues	57	(1)
Structure	57	(1)
Synchronization Model	58	(1)
Consistency	58	(1)
Update Options	58	(1)
Granularity	59	(1)
Thrashing	60	(1)
Consistency Models	60	(1)
Sequential Consistency Model	60	(1)
Weak Consistency Model	61	(1)
Release Consistency Model	61	(1)
Discussion	62	(1)
Summary	63	(2)
Exercises	64	(1)
Internetworking	65	(14)
Communication Protocol Architectures	65	(4)
The OSI Protocol Architecture	65	(3)
Internet Architecture	68	(1)
TCP/IP Protocol Suite	69	(6)
Communication Protocols	70	(1)
Network Layer Protocol: IP	71	(1)
IP Address	71	(2)
Domain Name System	73	(1)
Transport Layer Protocol: TCP and UDP	73	(2)
The Next Generation Internet Protocol: IPv6	75	(2)
Why IPv6?	75	(1)
IPv6 Features	76	(1)
Summary	77	(2)
Exercises	77	(2)
Interprocess Communication using Message Passing	79	(26)
Developing Distributed Applications Using Message Passing	79	(2)
Communication Services in Message Passing	79	(1)
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Communications	79	(1)
Reliable Communication	80	(1)
A Generic Framework for Distributed Applications	81	(1)
Sockets	81	(5)
Socket Abstraction	82	(1)
BSD Internet Domain Sockets	83	(1)
Socket Model	83	(1)
Internet Domain Socket Naming	84	(1)
Socket Types	85	(1)
Basic Socket System Calls	86	(8)
Some Special Functions	87	(3)
Socket Creation	90	(1)
Name Binding	90	(1)
Connection Establishment	91	(1)
Transfer Data and Discard Sockets	92	(2)
Examples in C	94	(8)
Using Stream Sockets: A Simple Example	94	(4)
Using Datagram Sockets: A Simple Example	98	(4)
Summary	102	(3)
Exercises	102	(3)
TCP/UDP Communication in Java	105	(30)
Java Sockets	105	(4)
Java Net Package	105	(1)
The Socket Class	106	(1)
The ServerSocket Class	107	(2)
Building TCP Clients and Servers	109	(3)
Essential Components of Communication	109	(1)
Implementing a TCP Client Program	109	(2)
Implementing a TCP Server Program	111	(1)
Examples in Java	112	(7)
Exchange of Multiple Messages	112	(3)
Executing the Programs on Internet Hosts	115	(3)
Supporting Multiple Clients	118	(1)
A More Complex Example - A Java Messaging Program using TCP	119	(8)
The Design	120	(1)
The Implementation	121	(1)
The Programs	122	(5)
Datagram Communications in Java	127	(3)
Why Datagram Communication ?	127	(1)
Java Datagram-based Classes	128	(2)
Building UDP Servers and Clients	130	(3)
Sending and Receiving UDP Datagrams	130	(1)
Datagram Server	131	(1)
Datagram Client	132	(1)
Summary	133	(2)
Exercises	133	(2)
Interprocess Communication using RPC	135	(40)
Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)	135	(10)
The Architecture of DCE	135	(2)
The Role of RPC	137	(2)
The DCE Services	139	(1)
Directory Services	140	(1)
Security Services	141	(1)
Time Services	142	(1)
Distributed File Services	143	(2)
The DCE/RPC	145	(6)
DCE/RPC Facility	146	(1)
DCE Application Development	146	(1)
Location Broker	147	(1)
RPC Handle	147	(1)
Concurrent Programming Support	148	(1)
Related Tools	149	(1)
Exception Handling	150	(1)
SUN/RPC	151	(4)
Interface Definition Language	151	(2)
Security Services	153	(1)
Some Issues	154	(1)
Call Semantics	154	(1)
Exception Handling	154	(1)
Client-Server Binding	154	(1)
Critiques of Sun RPC	155	(1)
The Simple RPC	155	(8)
An Introduction of SRPC	155	(2)
Installation	157	(1)
The SRPC System Architecture	157	(1)
The System Library	157	(1)
The Location Server	158	(1)
The Stub and Driver Generator	159	(1)
Syntax	159	(1)
Semantics	160	(1)
Implementation	161	(1)
An Application Example	162	(1)
Remote Method Invocation (RMI)	163	(4)
RMI Architecture	163	(1)
RMI Implementation	164	(3)
Interfaces and Classes	167	(1)
An Interesting RMI Application	167	(5)
Summary	172	(3)
Exercises	173	(2)
Group Communications	175	(38)
Introduction	175	(1)
Features of Group Communication	176	(4)
Message Delivery Semantics	177	(1)
Message Response Semantics	177	(1)
Message Ordering in Group Communication	178	(2)
Reliable Multicast Protocol	180	(2)
Reliable Multicast System	180	(1)
Design Issues	181	(1)
Multicast Approaches	182	(4)
Centralized Approach	182	(3)
Symmetrical Approach (Decentralized)	185	(1)
Two-phase Approach	185	(1)
Multicast in Java	186	(4)
Total Ordered Multicast Protocol based on a Logical Ring	190	(10)
Achieving Total Ordering	190	(2)
Atomic Message Delivery	192	(2)
Membership	194	(1)
Membership Construction	194	(1)
Dynamic Membership	195	(1)
Fault Tolerance	196	(1)
Single Member Failure	196	(2)
Multiple Failures	198	(1)
Network Partitioning	198	(1)
Efficiency	199	(1)
Implementation Issues	200	(9)
System Structure and Communication Assumptions	201	(1)
State Machine Approach for Implementing RMP	202	(1)
Message Packet and Control Information	203	(2)
Ordering Protocol	205	(2)
Membership Protocol	207	(2)
Summary	209	(4)
Exercises	209	(4)
Reliability and Replication Techniques	213	(42)
Basic Concepts	213	(5)
Fault Tolerance	213	(3)
Reliability and Availability	216	(1)
Failure Classification	217	(1)
Techniques to Achieve Reliability	218	(6)
Redundancy	218	(2)
Fault Avoidance Techniques	220	(1)
Fault Detection Techniques	220	(1)
Fault Tolerance Techniques	221	(3)
Software Fault Tolerance	224	(3)
Techniques for Software Fault-tolerance	225	(2)
Reliability Modelling	227	(6)
Combinatorial Models	227	(3)
Markov Models	230	(1)
Fault Coverage and Its Impact on Reliability	231	(1)
M-of-N Systems	232	(1)
Fault Tolerant Distributed Algorithms	233	(7)
Distributed Mutual Exclusion	233	(3)
Election Algorithms	236	(1)
Deadlock Detection and Prevention	236	(1)
Distributed Deadlock Detection	237	(2)
Distributed Deadlock Prevention	239	(1)
Replication and Reliability	240	(2)
Replication Schemes	242	(7)
Case Study 1: The Primary-Backup Scheme	243	(2)
Case Study 2: The Active Replication Scheme	245	(2)
Case Study 3: Two Particular Replication Schemes	247	(2)
The Primary-Peer Replication Scheme	249	(2)
Description of the Scheme	249	(2)
Replication Transparency	251	(1)
Replication Consistency	251	(2)
Summary	253	(2)
Exercises	253	(2)
Security	255	(40)
Secure Networks	255	(1)
What is a Secure Network?	255	(1)
Integrity Mechanisms and Access Control	256	(1)
Data Encryption	256	(5)
Encryption Principles	256	(3)
Basic Encryption Techniques	259	(1)
Code Shifting	259	(1)
Code Mappings	260	(1)
Key Application	260	(1)
Bit Shifting	261	(1)
Cracking the Code	261	(2)
Cracking Organizations	261	(1)
Cracking Methods	262	(1)
Security Mechanisms on the Internet	263	(2)
Digital Signatures	263	(1)
Packet Filtering	264	(1)
Internet Firewall	264	(1)
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks	265	(6)
Launching a DDoS Attack	265	(2)
Evolution of DDoS Attacks	267	(1)
Classification of DDoS Attacks	268	(2)
Some Key Technical Methods of DDoS Tools	270	(1)
Passive Defense against DDoS Attacks	271	(11)
Passive Defense Cycle	271	(1)
Current Passive Defense Mechanisms	271	(2)
Detecting Mechanisms	273	(2)
Reacting Mechanisms	275	(5)
SYN Attacks and Its Countermeasures	280	(1)
Limitation of Passive Defense	281	(1)
Active Defense against DDoS Attacks	282	(10)
Active Defense Cycle	282	(1)
Objectives of Active Defense	283	(1)
Current Techniques Applicable in Active Defense	284	(6)
Comparison between Passive and Active Defense	290	(2)
Major Challenges of Active Defense	292	(1)
Summary	292	(3)
Exercises	293	(2)
A Reactive System Architecture for Fault-Tolerant Computing	295	(30)
Introduction	295	(1)
The Reactive System Model	296	(5)
The Generic Reactive System Architecture	296	(1)
Reactive Modules	297	(1)
DMM Agents	298	(1)
Sensor Actors	299	(1)
Acutator Actors	299	(1)
Communication Protocols	299	(1)
Simple and Composite Entities	300	(1)
Group Communication Services	301	(4)
Ordering Constraints	301	(1)
Fault Tolerance in the Reactive System	302	(1)
Atomic Multicast Service	303	(1)
Membership Management	304	(1)
Implementation Issues	305	(6)
Multicast Datagram Communication	305	(1)
Stream-based Communication	306	(1)
Total Ordering Protocol	307	(1)
Multicasting Atomicity Protocol	308	(2)
DMM Classes	310	(1)
Sensor/Actuator Classes	311	(1)
Discussion	311	(1)
A Fault-Tolerant Application	311	(12)
The Replicated Database System	312	(1)
Failure Scenario	313	(1)
Crash Failure	313	(1)
The Network Partitioning Failure	314	(1)
Fault Detection	315	(1)
Crash Failure	315	(2)
Network Partitioning Failure	317	(3)
Fault Tolerance	320	(2)
Remarks	322	(1)
Summary	323	(2)
Exercises	323	(2)
Web-Based Databases	325	(44)
Introduction	325	(3)
Architectures of WBDB	328	(3)
Two-tier Architecture of WBDB	329	(1)
Three-tier Architecture of WBDB	329	(2)
Hybrid Architecture of WBDB	331	(1)
Web Based Database Access Technologies	331	(9)
Generic SQL	332	(1)
Generation 1 (Traditional Web): HTML, HTTP, CGI	332	(2)
Generation 2 (Faster and More interactive Web): JavaScript, Serverside API	334	(1)
Generation 3 (Java-based Web): Java, JDBC	335	(1)
JAVA and JDBC	335	(1)
Servlet	336	(1)
A New Generation: XML, Client/Mobile Agents/Server	337	(1)
XML-based WBDB	337	(1)
Mobile Agent Involved Architecture	338	(1)
Other Useful Techniques	339	(1)
CORBA	339	(1)
RMI	340	(1)
Challenges	340	(4)
User Interfaces	341	(1)
Application Server	342	(1)
Database Server	342	(1)
Other Challenges	343	(1)
A Layered Framework for WBDBs	344	(2)
Description of Layers	344	(2)
Framework Workflow	346	(1)
Developing Web-Based Databases	346	(20)
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Package	347	(1)
Steps for Developing Web-based Databases	348	(1)
Preparing the Database	348	(1)
Creating the Database Tables	348	(2)
Populating the Tables	350	(3)
Printing the Columns of Tables	353	(1)
Select Statements (one table)	354	(1)
Developing A JDBC Application	355	(11)
Summary	366	(3)
Exercises	367	(2)
Mobile Computing	369	(38)
Introduction	369	(2)
Overview of Mobile IP	371	(7)
Agent Advertisement and Solicitation	378	(6)
Foreign Agent and Home Agent	381	(1)
Mobile Node Considerations	382	(1)
Move Detection	383	(1)
Returning Home	384	(1)
Registration	384	(6)
Registration Overview	384	(2)
Responses to Registration Request and Authentication	386	(1)
Registration Related Message Format	387	(1)
Registration Request	387	(1)
Registration Reply	388	(2)
Mobile Routing (Tunnelling)	390	(6)
Packet Routing when Mobile Node is at Home	391	(1)
Packet Routing when Mobile Node is on a Foreign Link	391	(1)
Unicast Datagram Routing	391	(3)
Multicast Datagram Packets Routing	394	(1)
Mobile Routers and Networks	394	(2)
Case Study: Mobile Multicast using Anycasting	396	(9)
Problems with Mobile IP	396	(2)
Mobile Multicast Protocol (MMP)	398	(4)
Performance	402	(1)
Analysis	402	(1)
Simulation Model	403	(1)
Simulation Results	404	(1)
Summary	405	(2)
Exercises	405	(2)
Distributed Network Systems: Case Studies	407	(28)
Distributed File Systems	407	(5)
What is a Distributed File System	407	(1)
A Distributed File System Example -- NFS	408	(1)
Processing User Calls	409	(1)
Exporting Files	410	(1)
The Role of RPC	411	(1)
Remarks	412	(1)
Network Operating Systems: Unix/Linux	412	(7)
UNIX System Concepts	412	(1)
The File System	412	(1)
Process Management	413	(1)
The Shell	413	(1)
The UNIX Processes	414	(1)
Process Address Spaces	414	(1)
Process Management System Calls	414	(1)
Process Context and Context-Switching	415	(1)
Linux as a UNIX Platform	416	(1)
Linux Networking	417	(1)
TCP/IP	417	(1)
PPP and SLIP	418	(1)
File Sharing with NFS	418	(1)
UUCP	418	(1)
Software Development in Linux	419	(1)
CORBA	419	(8)
What is CORBA?	419	(1)
The CORBA Architecture	420	(4)
Interface Definition Language (IDL)	424	(1)
An Example of CORBA for Java	425	(2)
DCOM	427	(5)
COM and DCOM	427	(1)
DCOM Facilities and Services	428	(1)
Location Transparency	428	(1)
Dynamic and Remote Object Activation	429	(1)
Security	429	(1)
Interfaces	430	(1)
Binary Interoperability	431	(1)
Applying DCOM	432	(1)
Summary	432	(3)
Exercises	432	(3)
Distributed Network Systems: Current Development	435	(37)
Cluster Computing	435	(5)
Cluster Operating Systems	436	(3)
Reliable Server Clusters	439	(1)
Grid Computing	440	(21)
What is Grid Computing?	440	(1)
Background to the Grid	441	(3)
Grid Architectures and Infrastructures	444	(1)
Grid Architectures	444	(1)
Grid Components	444	(3)
Layered Grid Architecture: The Globus Architecture	447	(2)
Virtual Machine Environment: The Legion Architecture	449	(3)
Cycle Scavenging Schemes: The Condor System	452	(1)
Data Grids	453	(1)
Kangaroo	454	(1)
Legion	454	(1)
Storage Resource Broker	455	(1)
Globus Data Grid Tools	455	(2)
Research Issues and Challenges for Grids	457	(1)
Software Engineering Problems	457	(1)
Load Balancing and Scheduling	458	(1)
Autonomic Computing	459	(1)
Replication	459	(2)
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Computing	461	(5)
What is Peer-to-Peer Computing?	461	(1)
Possible Application Areas for P2P Systems	462	(1)
Some Existing P2P Projects	462	(2)
P2P File Sharing and its Legal implications	464	(1)
P2P File Sharing Systems	464	(1)
Legal implications for P2P File Sharing	465	(1)
Some Challenges for P2P Computing	466	(1)
Pervasive Computing	466	(4)
Pervasive Computing Characteristics	466	(2)
Elite Care: An Application Using Pervasive Computing	468	(1)
The Challenges for Pervasive Computing	469	(1)
Summary	470	(2)
Exercises	470	(2)
References	472	(37)
Index	509