A Process For Composing | |
What is composing? | |
What is rhetoric? | |
Audience | |
Purpose | |
Context | |
Strategies | |
Rhetoric and a process for composing a research paper | |
Understanding your project or assignment | |
Finding Ideas | |
Composing to learn and composing to communicate | |
A research process | |
Getting started with research | |
Finding a topic | |
Narrowing a topic | |
How do you know when you have a narrowed topic? | |
Other strategies for narrowing a topic | |
Questions to guide research | |
Using research questions to develop a topic | |
Kinds of sources, kinds of research | |
Kinds of research | |
Determining where to research | |
Choosing sources | |
Choosing sources-books | |
Choosing sources-periodicals | |
Choosing sources-webpages | |
Finding sources | |
Library research | |
Using library indexes | |
Using library catalogs | |
Using library journal databases | |
Steps in using databases | |
Online research | |
Search engines and directories | |
Online references | |
Online newspapers | |
Government sources | |
Archival and special collection sources | |
Field research sources | |
Interviews | |
Observations | |
Surveys | |
What if you can't find anything on your narrowed topic? | |
Keeping track of sources | |
Starting a paper | |
Analyzing Arguments And Evaluating Sources | |
What is analysis? | |
Understanding and analyzing texts | |
Developing a sense of the author | |
Understanding appeals to emotion | |
Understanding arrangement and logic | |
A sample analysis essay | |
Analyzing arguments | |
Thesis statements | |
What counts as evidence? | |
Expert testimony | |
Personal experience | |
Analogies | |
Facts | |
Field research | |
Shared values | |
Examples | |
Further questions to guide critical reading | |
Critical reading | |
Sample argumentative essay | |
A sample rhetorical analysis | |
Questions to guide critical looking | |
A sample analysis of a visual text | |
Evaluating sources | |
Evaluating sources for relevance | |
Sample sources | |
Evaluating sources for credibility: Print | |
Sample sources | |
Evaluating sources for credibility: Online | |
Sample sources | |
Researching ethically | |
Shared culture, academic research, and fair use | |
Developing a thesis statement | |
Connecting With Audiences | |
Understanding your audience | |
Characteristics your audience might share | |
What do people know, think, and feel about the issue? | |
Making audiences real and specific | |
Some complexities of audience | |
Developing a statement of purpose | |
Starting to write for an audience | |
How to write a statement of purpose | |
Choices a writer can make based on a statement of purpose | |
A sample rough draft | |
Developing a revision plan | |
Writing for different kinds of audiences | |
Academic audiences | |
Workplace audiences | |
Organizing And Shaping Texts | |
What is organization? | |
Organization and medium | |
Organization, audience, and genre | |
Online genres | |
Blogs and other social networking websites | |
Popular genres | |
Letters to the editor | |
Letters of complaint | |
Magazine articles | |
Academic genres in the disciplines | |
Writing in the humanities | |
Writing in the sciences | |
Writing in the social sciences | |
Workplace genres | |
Memos | |
Resumes | |
Cover letters | |
Shaping paragraphs for audience and purpose | |
Unified and coherent paragraphs | |
Paragraphs that develop | |
Paragraphs that describe | |
Paragraphs that define | |
Paragraphs that narrate | |
Paragraphs that give examples | |
Paragraphs that use analogy | |
Paragraphs that divide | |
Paragraphs that blend organizations | |
Visual organization | |
Major elements of texts that mix words, pictures, and other visual pieces | |
Building visual organizations | |
Make some elements stand out | |
Group elements or make them similar | |
Align elements | |
Organization for oral presentations | |
The parts of an oral presentation | |
Other organizational features | |
Figuring out what to do with a paragraph that is too long | |
Writing For Diverse Audiences | |
Varieties of English | |
Language standardization and language variety | |
Academic English | |
English as a global language | |
Writing English when English is not your home language | |
Writing as a second language | |
Multilingual writers writing in English | |
Using inclusive language | |
How do you show respect for your readers? | |
Including all ethnicities | |
Including all ages | |
Including all genders | |
Including all abilities | |
Including all sexual orientations | |
Including all religions | |
Using an ESL dictionary | |
Composing With Style | |
Style and audience | |
Style in writing | |
Clarity, concision, coherence, emphasis, engagement | |
Styling words | |
Dictionary definitions and associations | |
The names we use | |
Action verbs | |
Concrete nouns | |
Clichés | |
Jargon | |
Too many words | |
Styling sentences | |
Academic sentences | |
Sentences that are easy to read | |
Using coordination and subordination | |
Parallelism | |
Figurative language | |
Styling paragraphs | |
Concluding paragraphs | |
Introductory paragraphs | |
Transitions between paragraphs | |
Passive voice | |
Style in visual texts | |
Typography | |
Headings | |
Color | |
Style in oral presentations | |
Body language and gestures | |
Using visual supports | |
Documenting | |
Why cite and document sources? | |
What is plagiarism? | |
Plagiarism-or misuse of sources? | |
Tips for avoiding plagiarism | |
Four facets of citing and documenting | |
Quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing | |
Quoting the words of others | |
Summarizing the words of others | |
Paraphrasing the words of others | |
Five kinds of sources | |
Collecting citation information from printed books | |
Collecting citation information when you are citing part of a printed book | |
Collecting citation information when you are citing printed periodicals | |
Collecting citation information when you are citing webpages | |
Citation information for databases to journals | |
Collecting citation information for other kinds of sources | |
MLA Documentation | |
MLA documentation for in-text citations | |
Variations on the pattern | |
MLA documentation for works cited | |
For books | |
For parts of books | |
For articles from periodicals | |
For webpages other than databases | |
For texts from online databases | |
For other kinds of texts | |
Author's name | |
Titles | |
Website titles | |
A very long URL | |
Place of publication | |
Year of publication | |
Periodical volume and date | |
Page numbers for articles from periodicals | |
Additional information | |
A works cited page in MLA format | |
For other kinds of texts | |
Sample paper in MLA format | |
Guide to MLA documentation models | |
APA Documentation | |
APA documentation and in-text citations | |
Variations on the pattern | |
APA documentation for reference list entries | |
For periodical sources | |
For nonperiodical sources | |
Author's name | |
Year of publication | |
Titles | |
Additional information | |
Place of publication | |
Periodical volume and issue | |
For online texts | |
For other kinds of sources | |
A references page in APA format | |
Guide to APA documentation models | |
CSE Documentation | |
CSE references | |
CSE in-text citations | |
Details of the patterns | |
CSE sample references | |
Chicago Manual of Style documentation and in-text citations | |
CMS in-text citations and footnotes | |
CMS sample references | |
Editing And Proofreading Your Work | |
Editing and proofreading | |
Grammar | |
There are 4 sentence functions | |
There are 4 sentence patterns | |
Simple sentences 1 / 2 | |
Simple sentences 3 | |
Subjects and predicates | |
More on predicates | |
Compound subjects and predicates | |
Prepositional phrases | |
Compound sentences | |
Complex sentences: Working with independent and dependent clauses | |
Complex sentences with adverb clauses | |
Compound-complex sentences | |
Avoiding sentence fragments | |
Avoiding run-on sentences | |
Parts of speech | |
Nouns | |
Pronouns | |
Choosing the expected personal pronoun | |
Pronoun agreement | |
Adjectives | |
Articles | |
Verbs | |
The tenses of English verbs | |
Using the tenses of English verbs in academic writing | |
Shifting verb tenses | |
Subject-verb agreement | |
The subjunctive mood of English verbs | |
Adverbs | |
Prepositions | |
Conjunctions | |
Avoiding shifts in grammatical forms | |
Shifts in person and number | |
Shifts in voice | |
Shifts in levels of formality | |
Avoiding misplaced and dangling modifiers | |
Punctuation | |
Commas | |
With numbers, place names, and dates | |
When you are quoting the words of others | |
To separate words in lists | |
To build sentences with multiple parts | |
When not to use commas | |
Semicolons | |
To separate the ideas in a list | |
To join two sentences | |
Colons | |
In certain conventional patterms | |
To prepare readers for information at the end of a sentence | |
To link two sentences | |
Parentheses | |
To explain abbreviations | |
For numbers in lists | |
For in-text citations | |
To add information | |
Dashes | |
Brackets | |
Hyphens | |
Slashes | |
Ellipses | |
Quotation marks | |
For titles of short works | |
To indicate you are using a word as a word | |
To indicate technical terms | |
To show irony | |
To indicate direct quotation | |
To indicate speech | |
Apostrophes | |
Periods | |
Question marks | |
Exclamation points | |
Mechanics | |
Using italics and underlining | |
Spelling | |
Using spell checkers | |
Capitalizing words | |
Abbreviations | |
Numbers | |
Glossary of grammatical terms and usage | |
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