Doing Justice, Doing Gender Women in Law and Criminal Justice Occupations

by Susan Ehrlich Martin; Nancy C. Jurik

• ISBN13: 9780803951976
• ISBN10: 0803951973
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-02-21
• Publisher: Sage Publications

Summary

"Doing Justice, Doing Gender is a much-needed analysis of women?s work and position throughout the criminal justice system. A comparative analysis of women who work in the legal profession, policing, and corrections is accomplished through a detailed study of both the gendered nature of work women do and the changing organizational dynamics operating over time in each occupation. This book will be of tremendous use to students in criminology, occupational sociology, and women?s studies." --Natalie J. Sokoloff, Professor of Sociology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate School, City University of New York "Susan Ehrlich Martin and Nancy C. Jurik explore here ''the organization of justice occupations along gender lines'' in a clear, systematic fashion. They explicate how and why the logic of sexism is pervasive in law, policing, and corrections. This engaging and persuasive book should become fundamental reading in the criminal justice field." --Peter K. Manning, Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Michigan State University "Doing Justice, Doing Gender is the first book to provide a thorough examination of women as police officers, lawyers, and correctional officers in the United States. It is well researched and explains the many obstacles women have encountered when they entered the male-dominated workplace of our justice system. This book is important for anyone considering a career in the criminal justice system." --Donna C. Hale, Department of Criminal Justice, Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania "Doing Justice, Doing Gender is the most sophisticated and comprehensive analysis to date of gender in the criminal justice system. With both insight and compassion, Susan Ehrlich Martin and Nancy C. Jurik bring to life women?s experiences and contributions in justice occupations. Essential reading for students, scholars, and practitioners of law, policing, and corrections." --James W. Messerschmidt, Professor of Sociology, University of Southern Maine and author of Masculinities and Crime The numbers of women working in justice occupations have dramatically increased over the past 20 years, yet zealous resistance to their full integration continues. As women have moved into justice fields traditionally occupied by men, they have encountered obstacles that confine them to gender-specific tasks and limit their advancement. Coworkers and superiors continue to equate competence with masculinity. Providing readers with insight into the long-standing struggles of women in justice occupations, Doing Justice, Doing Gender takes a close look at the organization of justice occupations along gender lines. Discussion focuses broadly on the field of law, both civil and criminal, and on municipal policing and correctional security. Following a feminist approach, authors Susan Ehrlich Martin and Nancy C. Jurik address: - the historical roles of women in the justice system - how and why women?s contributions have expanded in the past 20 years - interpersonal, organizational, occupational, and societal barriers encountered by women justice workers - women?s responses to workplace barriers and their impact on the justice system, victims, offenders, litigants, coworkers, and the public - the interplay between race and gender in shaping women?s experiences and responses But Doing Justice, Doing Gender not only provides a theoretical analysis of the social construction of gender in the workplace; it offers an accessible and well-written examination of gender issues and how they affect the women in justice occupations on a day-to-day basis. Filling a gap in the literature, this volume provides valuable and cutting-edge information for students, researchers, and justice professionals.

Table of Contents

List of Tables	viii
Acknowledgments	ix
Introduction: Changes in Criminal Justice Organizations, Occupations, and Women's Work	1	(20)
The CJS: Mission, Processes, and Workforce	4	(1)
Historical Context of Women in Justice Occupations	5	(3)
Legal Changes	8	(3)
Reforms and Expanding Opportunities for Women	11	(3)
Women and Justice Professionalization/Deprofessionalization	14	(3)
Contents of This Book	17	(1)
A Note on Perspective and Terminology	18	(3)
Explanations for Gender Inequality in the Workplace	21	(27)
Past Analyses of Gender Inequality at Work	22	(6)
A Social Construction of Gender Perspective	28	(3)
The Production of Gender in Work Organizations	31	(14)
Summary	45	(3)
The Nature of Police Work and Women's Entry Into Law Enforcement	48	(27)
Historical Overview: From Matron to Chief	49	(7)
The Increasing Representation of Women in Police Work	56	(3)
The Nature of Policing: Scope of Work and Occupational Culture	59	(4)
The Police Culture and Men's Opposition to Women Officers	63	(4)
Barriers to Women Officers: Interaction, Ideology, and Images	67	(5)
Summary	72	(3)
Women Officers Encountering the Gendered Police Organization	75	(28)
Gendered Organizational Logic: Policies and Practices	76	(17)
Doing Gender on the Street: Dilemmas of Police-Citizen Encounters	88	(5)
Women's Response: Adaptations, Costs, and Survival Strategies	93	(8)
Summary	101	(2)
Women Entering the Legal Profession: Change and Resistance	103	(26)
Historical Overview: Barriers to Women in Law Before 1970	105	(3)
Changing Laws and Job Queues: Opening Legal Practice to Women	108	(7)
Lawyers' Jobs, Specialties, and the Division of Legal Labor	115	(8)
Gendered Legal Occupational Culture and Barriers to Women	123	(3)
Summary	126	(3)
The Organizational Logic of the Gendered Legal World and Women Lawyers' Responses	129	(28)
Gender Bias in Law School, Recruitment, and Hiring	131	(2)
Gender Bias in the Firm, Office, and Agency	133	(3)
The Impact of Gender Bias on Women Attorneys in Court and Beyond	136	(6)
Organizational Logic and Limiting Opportunity Structures	142	(5)
Women's Responses to Gender Bias: Adaptation and Innovation	147	(7)
Summary	154	(3)
Women in Corrections: Advancement and Resistance	157	(26)
History of Women in Corrections: 1860s to 1960s	158	(2)
Social Change and Changing Queues for Women COs: 1960s to the Present	160	(3)
Women's Movement Into CO Jobs in Men's Prisons	163	(2)
Characteristics of Women COs in Men's Prisons	165	(3)
CO Jobs as a Resource for Doing Gender	168	(5)
Sites of Struggle: Gendered Interactions, Gendered Identities	173	(8)
Summary	181	(2)
Gendered Organizational Logic and Women CO Response	183	(25)
Social Context and Organizational Logic of Corrections: 1980-1990s	184	(2)
Inadequate Implementation of Reform Agenda	186	(4)
Gendered Organizational Logic and Women's Careers	190	(7)
Women's Response: Performance, Adaptation, and Innovation	197	(8)
Summary	205	(3)
Doing Justice, Doing Gender, Today and Tomorrow: Occupations, Organizations, and Change	208	(19)
Our Theoretical Approach: A Recap	209	(1)
Comparison of Opportunities, Barriers, and Women's Responses	210	(6)
Do Women Make a Difference?	216	(8)
Building Feminist Theory and Policy	224	(3)
References	227	(21)
List of Cases Cited	248	(1)
Author Index	249	(6)
Subject Index	255	(14)
About the Authors	269