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Summary
Now in its fifth successful edition, Doing Philosophyhelps students understand the nature and purpose of philosophical inquiry by explaining what philosophical problems are, how they can be solved, and why searching for solutions is important. The book traces the historical development of philosophical thinking on a number of central problems and shows how philosophical theories have evolved in response to criticism. By introducing students to philosophical theorizing and encouraging them to formulate their own views, Doing Philosophyinspires active learning and helps students become more accomplished critical thinkers.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents subject to change before publication.
Preface
CHAPTER 1 The Philosophical Enterprise
Objectives
Section 1.1 Explaining the Possibility of the Impossible: Philosophical Problems and Theories
Philosophical Problems
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Axiology
Logic
The Stakes in Philosophical Inquiry
The Mind-Body Problem
The Problem of Free Will
The Problem of Personal Identity
The Problem of Moral Relativism
The Problem of Evil
The Problem of Skepticism
Box: What Is Your Philosophy?
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Socrates and the Socratic Method
Box: In the News: The Oracle at Delphi
Box: Pre-Socratic Philosophers
Science and the Scientific Method
Box: The Laws of Thought
Logical versus Causal Possibility
Thought Probe: Possibilities
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 1.2 Evidence and Inference: Proving Your Point
Identifying Arguments
Deductive Arguments
Some Valid Argument Forms
Some Invalid Argument Forms
Inductive Arguments
Enumerative Induction
Analogical Induction
Hypothetical Induction (Abduction, Inference to the Best Explanation)
Informal Fallacies
Unacceptable Premises
Irrelevant Premises
Insufficient Premises Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 1.3 The Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments
Thought Probe: Platonic Humans
Case Study: Explaining How Moral Abortions Are Possible
Thought Experiment: Warren’s Moral Space Traveler
Thought Probe: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Robots
How Are Thought Experiments Possible?
Criticizing Thought Experiments
Conceivability and Possibility
Scientific Thought Experiments
Thought Experiment: Impossibility of Aristotle’s Theory of Motion
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Tooley’s Cat
Thought Experiment: Thomson’s Diseased Musician
Internet Inquiries
Readings
Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy
Reading Questions
Brand Blanshard: The Philosophic Enterprise
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 2 The Mind-Body Problem
Thought Experiment: Descartes’ Mechanical Moron
Thought Experiment: Leibniz’s Mental Mill
Box: In the News: The Approaching Singularity
Thought Probe: Artificial Intelligence
Objectives
Section 2.1 The Ghost in the Machine: Mind as Soul
Descartes' Doubt
Thought Probe: Living in the Matrix
Box: René Descartes: Father of Modern Philosophy
I Think, Therefore I Am
The Conceivability Argument
Box: The Biblical Conception of the Person
Box: In the News: Descartes and Vivisection
The Divisibility Argument
The Problem of Interaction
Box: Parallelism: Occasionalism and the Preestablished Harmony
The Causal Closure of the Physical
Box: The Seat of the Soul
Thought Probe: Mental Relay Stations
The Problem of Other Minds
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.2 You Are What You Eat: Mind as Body
Empiricism
Box: David Hume: The Model Philosopher
Logical Positivism
Logical Behaviorism
Box: Ryle’s Category Mistake
Thought Experiment: Ryle’s University Seeker
Thought Experiment: The Perfect Pretender
Thought Experiment: Putnam’s Super-Spartans
Box: Behavioral Therapy
Thought Experiment: Chisholm's Expectant Nephew
The Identity Theory
Thought Probe: The Ultimate Lie Detector
Identity and Indiscernibility
Conscious Experience
Box: Do You Use Only 10% of Your Brain?
Thought Experiment: Nagel’s Bat
Thought Experiment: Lewis’s Pained Martian
Thought Experiment: Putnam’s Conscious Computer
Thought Probe: Speciesism
Thought Experiment: Searle’s Brain Replacement
Box: In the News: Neural Chips
Thought Probe: Neural Prostheses
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Your Mother, the Zombie
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.3 I, Robot: Mind as Software
Artificial Intelligence
Functionalism and Feeling
Thought Experiment: Lewis’s Pained Madman
Thought Experiment: Block’s Chinese Nation
Thought Experiment: Putnam’s Inverted Spectrum
Box: Inverted Spectra and Pseudonormal Vision
Thought Probe: Pseudonormal Vision
The Turing Test
Thought Experiment: The Imitation Game
Box: Alan Turing: Father of Code and Computers
Thought Experiment: Searle’s Chinese Room
Box: Connectionism
Thought Experiment: Searle’s Chinese Gym
Thought Probe: Total Turing Test
Intentionality
Thought Experiment: Block’s Conversational Jukebox
Thought Probe: Devout Robots
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.4 There Ain't No Such Things as Ghosts: Mind as MythThought Experiment: Rorty’s Demons
Folk Psychology
Thought Experiment: Searle’s Chevrolet Station Wagon
Subjective Knowledge
Thought Experiment: Jackson’s Color-Challenged Scientist
Box: In the News: Seeing Color for the First Time
Thought Probe: Seeing Color
Thought Experiment: Zombies
Thought Probe: Zombies
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.5 The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mind as Quality
Primitive Intentionality
Box: The Double Aspect Theory
Thought Experiment: Jacquette’s Intentionality Test
Panpsychism
Emergentism
Box: An Emergent God?
Thought Probe: Pan-en-theism
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy: Meditation II
Reading Questions
David M. Armstrong: The Mind-Brain Identity Theory
Reading Questions
David Chalmers: The Puzzle of Concious Experience
Reading Questions
Terry Bisson: They're Made of Meat
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 3 Free Will and Determinism
Box: In the Courts: The Devil Made Me Do It
Objectives
Section 3.1 The Luck of the Draw: Freedom as Chance
Hard Determinism
Thought Experiment: Laplace’s Superbeing
The Consequence Argument
Box: Freedom and Foreknowledge
Thought Probe: Freedom and Foreknowledge
Box: Fatalism versus Causal Determinism
Thought Probe: The Book of Life
Science and the Nature/Nurture Debate Determinism
Thought Probe: Behavior Modification
Box: Faking Free Will
Thought Probe: Faking Free Will
Box: Is Determinism Self-Refuting?
Thought Probe: Defending Determinism
Thought Probe: Genetic Engineering
Thought Experiment: Gardner’s Random Bombardier
Common Sense and Causal Determinism
Thought Probe: Living with Hard Determinism
Indeterminism
Box: William James: Physiologist, Psychologist, Philosopher
Thought Experiment: Taylor’s Unpredictable Arm
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Newcomb’s Paradox
Internet Inquiries
Section 3.2 The Mother of Invention: Freedom as Necessity
Thought Experiment: Locke’s Trapped Conversationalist
Traditional Compatibilism
Box: Thomas Hobbes: The Great Materialist Punishment Prepunishment
Thought Probe: Minority Report
Thought Experiment: Taylor’s Ingenious Physiologist
Box: In the News: Guilty Minds and Pre-Crime
Thought Probe: Guilty Minds and Pre-Crime
Thought Experiment: Taylor’s Drug Addiction
Thought Probe: Religious Cults
Hierarchical Compatibilism
Box: In the Courts: Government-Sponsored Brainwashing
Thought Probe: The Manchurian Candidate
Box: Better Living through Neurophysiology
Thought Probe: Brain Stimulation
Thought Experiment: Frankfurt’s Unwilling and Wanton Addicts
Thought Experiment: Frankfurt’s Happy Addict
Thought Experiment: Frankfurt's Decision Inducer
Thought Experiment: Slote’s Hypnotized Patient
Thought Probe: The Willing Bank Teller
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 3.3 Control Yourself: Freedom as Self-Determination
The Case for Freedom
The Argument from Experience
The Argument from Deliberation
The Neurophysiological Challenge
Thought Probe: Is Free Won’t Enough for Free Will?
Agent Causation
Box: Sartre and Smullyan on Free Will
Thought Probe: Self-Consciousness and Free Will
Thought Probe: Free Androids
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
Richard Dawkins: Let's All Stop Beating Basil's Car
Reading Questions
W. T. Stace: The Problem of Free Will
Reading Questions
John Dupre: The Solution to the Provlem of the Freedom of the Will