Doing Qualitative Research Designs, Methods, and Techniques

by Scott, Greg M; Garner, Roberta M

• ISBN13: 9780205695935
• ISBN10: 0205695930
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-02-21
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Examine qualitative research as evidence-based stories of social life. Doing Qualitative Researchshows how qualitative research is evidence-based stories of our social life. By the time readers complete this book, they will be able to conduct their own research and understand the pleasures and perils of qualitative research. This text is ideal for classes in disciplines such as cultural studies, anthropology, political science, ethnic studies, women and gender studies, the media, journalism and communications, organizational behavior, and more. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers should be able to: Assess others'research and develop their own research Understand the scientific method, broadly defined and adapted to understanding human beings Analyze with a critical and reflexive style of research readers should understand how their own lives affect how others are seen Link theory and research Understand the macro-micro linkages created by qualitative research Note:MySearchLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MySearchLab, please visit:www.mysearchlab.comor you can purchase a ValuePack of the text + MySearchLab with Pearson eText (at no additional cost). ValuePack ISBN-10: 0205231667 / ValuePack ISBN-13: 9780205231669

Author Biography

Greg Scott

Greg Scott, Associate Professor of Sociology and Director of the Social Science Research Center (SSRC) at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois, received his doctorate in sociology in 1998 from the University of California at Santa Barbara.  From 1995-2000 he served as Director of Research and Associate Director of the Illinois Attorney General’s Gang Crime Prevention Center where he conducted and supervised primary and evaluation research on community prevention and intervention programs. 

Since arriving at DePaul University in 2000, he has conducted quantitative, qualitative, and ethnographic research on injection drug use (hepatitis B vaccination clinical trials, syringe-facilitated HIV/AIDS transmission, opiate overdose, and the network impact of sterile syringe exchange efforts, safer injection) and on the relationship between street gangs and the reintegration of ex-offenders.  Between 1990 and 2001 Greg conducted extensive ethnographic fieldwork on drug-dealing street gangs, immersing himself in the world of illicit heroin and cocaine commerce.  In 2001 he began to examine the "demand and use" side of the drug market.  At this point he took up living with homeless and precariously housed injection drug users, habitual crack smokers, sex workers, burglars, thieves, and drug dealers.  Greg has become an independent documentary filmmaker, concentrating his efforts on the social, economic, cultural, political, and health issues facing illicit drug users; he produces training films for health professionals and laypersons in order to contribute to safe injection practices and overdose prevention as well as social documentaries to educate the public and policy makers on the lives of drug users. He is making a documentary called “The Brickyard,” a feature-length film on a West Side Chicago encampment of homeless people among whom Greg has lived and worked for the past 7 years.

 

In 2005 Greg established a non-profit organization ("Sawbuck Productions") whose mission revolves around creating and producing multi-media educational and political materials concerning the well-being of illicit drug users.  Recently, Greg began using his films as a catalyst for organizing a social movement in Chicago, Chicago Area Network of Drug Users (CANDU) whose goal is to create the city's first-ever "drug users' union” to improve the well being and life chances of illicit drug users.  

As well as conducting ethnographic research and producing doc films and radio documentaries (and trying to keep up with his teenage son Ben), Greg teaches upper-division courses on ethnographic filmmaking, substance use and abuse, public health and high-risk behavior, and urban cultural research.  Greg also runs the Social Science Research Center (SSRC) at DePaul University.  To find out more about the SSRC’s work and Greg’s involvement in the enterprise, visit the website (www.depaul.edu/~ssrc).

 

 

Roberta Garner

Roberta Garner is a professor of sociology at DePaul University; she earned a PhD at the University of Chicago in the late 1960s, coming of age in the sixties between the Beatniks and the hippy/Baby-boom generation. Her PhD dissertation was based on 250 life narratives of first generation college students, and since then she has conducted qualitative research in the Italian school system and written (with a colleague and grad students) a mixed qualitative-quantitative study of Midwestern high school students’ aspirations, school engagement, and perceptions of their schools. 

She has traveled extensively in Europe and Latin America and was field director of four DePaul Study Abroad trips and programs. She lived in Italy in 1979 during a period of intense political activism there, in Budapest, Hungary in 1984 in the waning years of the socialist era, in Merida, Mexico in 1986,  in Florence, Italy in 1987-88 (where she used a “parent-as-researcher” method to write about schooling in Italy), and most recently in Paris.
Her interests include political sociology, urban sociology, sociology of youth and education, and sociological theory; and she enjoys teaching stats and methods courses. She was one of the six editors of The New Chicago (Temple University Press, 2006), a collection of essays that explored changes in Chicago in recent decades, including the making of a post-industrial economy, the impact of immigration, and gentrification and displacement in the inner city. Recently she co-authored (with Black Hawk Hancock) a book on contemporary sociological theories (Changing Theories: New Directions in Sociology, U. of Toronto Press) and translated (from French) an interview with Loïc Wacquant about his experiences as an ethnographer, a critical reflexive theorist in France and the U.S., and an apprentice boxer engaged in carnal sociology (published in Qualitative Sociology in 2009).  As you will see when you read the book, she is open to both qualitative and statistical methods and is enthusiastic about integrating research and theory.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. x
Getting Started.ùThinking about Research Choices	p. 1
Introduction: Logic of Inquiry, Research Designs and Strategies, and the Methods Tool-Kit	p. 3
Overview	p. 3
Guiding Principles	p. 3
The Book's Organization	p. 4
Getting StartedùThinking about Research Choices	p. 4
Choosing a Research Design	p. 4
Focus on Ethnography	p. 6
Choices from the Methods Tool-Kit	p. 6
Telling the Story	p. 6
Key Concepts	p. 6
An Example: Studying the Unhoused	p. 8
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research	p. 9
Unobtrusive and "Obtrusive" (or Interactive) Research	p. 10
Fieldwork	p. 10
Understanding the Experiences of Others	p. 11
Exercises	p. 12
Key Terms	p. 13
A Brief History Of Qualitative Research	p. 14
Overview	p. 14
Classical Ideas	p. 14
Max Weber	p. 15
VerstehenùUnderstanding	p. 15
The Historical-Comparative Method	p. 15
The Construction of "Ideal-Types"	p. 15
The Chicago School and its Legacy	p. 16
Spatial Mapping and Spatial Analysis	p. 16
The Life History Method	p. 16
Analysis of Documents	p. 17
Observations and Descriptions of Neighborhood Life	p. 17
Occupational Studies	p. 17
Ethnographic Research in Anthropology	p. 17
Anthropologists of the Early 1900s	p. 18
Sociology and Anthropology: An Often Uneasy Union	p. 18
The Frankfurt Institute	p. 19
Street Corner Society: Paragon of Early Qualitative Research	p. 23
Critical Community Studies	p. 23
The Rise of Microsociologies and the Great Surge in Qualitative Research	p. 24
Foundational Concepts of Early Qualitative Research	p. 24
The Common Denominator: Get Out of the Office and into the Mix of Real Life!	p. 25
Principles of the New Qualitative Methodology	p. 25
Ethnomethodologists and "Breaching" Experiments	p. 26
The Birth of a Contentious Divide	p. 27
Feminist and Postmodernist Approaches: New Directions at the End of the Twentieth Century	p. 27
Feminist Research Strategies	p. 27
Postmodernism in Qualitative Research	p. 28
Toward More Comprehensive Orientations	p. 29
Conclusion	p. 29
Exercises	p. 30
Key Terms	p. 30
Asking Research Questions	p. 31
Overview	p. 31
Introduction: What is a Research Question?	p. 31
What Does a Research Question Produce?	p. 32
The Sociologist's Way	p. 32
The Scientific Method	p. 33
The Scientific Method: A Set of Rules Guiding Procedures, Presentation of Evidence, and Storytelling	p. 33
Principles of the Scientific Method	p. 34
Framing Research Questions	p. 38
Learning the Language: Qualitative Research Vernacular	p. 38
Doubts and Concerns: Are We Being Too Scientific?	p. 42
Choosing Research Activities	p. 43
Where do Research Questions Come From?	p. 44
Studying a Tattoo Parlor: Using the Scientific Method	p. 45
Qualitative Research Principles in Action: Paul Willis, Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs	p. 47
Tips for Formulating a Research Question	p. 48
Conclusion	p. 49
Exercises	p. 49
Key Terms	p. 50
The Ethics 0f Qualitative Research	p. 51
Overview	p. 51
A Mental Exercise in Role-Taking	p. 51
You're a Survey "Respondent"	p. 51
You're an "Informant" Neighbor	p. 52
Ethical Conduct in Qualitative Research	p. 52
Qualitative Research as a "Complicated Relationship"	p. 53
The Question of Meaning	p. 53
Rules on the Books versus Rules in Action	p. 53
Formal Safeguards: Human Subjects Research, the Irb, and Professional Codes of Ethics	p. 54
To Obey or Not to Obey: "The Milgram Study"	p. 54
"Prisoner 819 Did a Bad Thing": The Stanford Prison Experiment	p. 55
The Spy Who Didn't Love Me: Laud Humphreys' Tea Room Trade	p. 55
Institutional Review Boards	p. 56
Beyond Formal Codes of Ethics	p. 59
Informed Consent	p. 60
The (Hollow) Right to Withdraw	p. 60
Informed Consent Is a Process, Not a Document	p. 60
Some Suggestions for Resolving the Tension between Law on the Books and Law in Action	p. 61
Deception	p. 61
"Instrumentalization" of Relationships	p. 62
Give in Order to Take. . . and Take More	p. 63
Caveat: The Subject is Not a Dishrag	p. 63
The "Gaze"	p. 63
Revealing Subjects'Ignorance	p. 64
Caveat: "Studying Up" versus "Studying Down"ùThe Patterning of Ethical Issues	p. 64
Looking Ahead at Ethics	p. 65
Exercises	p. 65
Key Terms	p. 66
The Politics of Qualitative Research	p. 67
Overview	p. 67
Research and Politics: Together But Mostly Apart	p. 67
Limiting Personal Bias by Exposing It: Embracing Transparency and Falsifiability	p. 68
Research as a Means for Championing Rights: Social Justice and Social Science	p. 69
Politicizing Research Without Compromising Science	p. 70
Clusters of Values: Truth, Sociological Imagination, and Social Justice	p. 70
Politically Engaged Science: Different Strokes for Different Folks	p. 71
Political Engagement in Theory and Interpretation	p. 72
Mounting a Critique of Existing Concepts and Constructing Alternative Concepts that more Accurately capture Social Realities	p. 72
Dissecting Misrecognition	p. 73
Controversy over Context	p. 74
Engaging in Public Discussion	p. 75
Combating Stereotypes	p. 75
Exposing Misrecognition and Debunking Stereotypes	p. 76
The Dangers of Trying a Little Politically Motivated Tenderness	p. 76
Critical Examination of the State of Social Services and Government Policies	p. 77
Identifying Inequalities in Service Delivery	p. 78
Critique of Organizational Practices	p. 79
Studying the Rich and Powerful	p. 79
Activism: From Spokesperson to CBPR	p. 81
Realistic Ways for Sociologists to Assist Straggling Communities	p. 82
The Critical Analysis of Research Methods	p. 82
The Politics of Researching Research: A Critique of Respondent-Driven Sampling	p. 83
Case Study	p. 83
Conclusion	p. 85
Exercises	p. 85
Key Terms	p. 86
Integrating Theory Into Qualitative Research: Foundational, Grounded, and Critical-Reflexive Theories	p. 87
Overview	p. 87
The Meaning of "Theory": What it is, What it Isn't	p. 87
Foundational Theory	p. 88
Grounded Theory	p. 88
Critical-Reflexive Theory	p. 88
Foundational Theory in Action: Research Illustrations	p. 89
Foundational Theory in Action	p. 89
Evaluating Foundational Theories in Action	p. 90
Connecting Theory with Research Design and Methods	p. 92
When Does Theory Begin? Before the Beginning	p. 92
Foundational Theories and the Problematic of a Research Project	p. 93
Grounded Theory in Action: Research Illustrations	p. 93
To See the World in a Grain of Sand	p. 94
Key Elements of Grounded Theory	p. 94
But is Grounded Theory Really Built from the Ground Up?	p. 96
The "Always Already" Contradiction of Grounded Theory	p. 96
Critical-Reflexive Theory in Action	p. 97
Getting Back to "Bias"ùSimply but Not Simplistically	p. 97
The Theory-Research "Dialogue"	p. 97
Moving Ahead With Theory: A Practical Guide for Overcoming the Abstraction Paralysis	p. 98
Levels of Analysis	p. 98
Research and Theory: A Continuous Conversation	p. 100
How Much Theory?	p. 100
From Empirical Observation to Reflexive Theorizing: Four Steps for Getting Started	p. 102
Conclusion	p. 106
Acknowledgement	p. 106
Exercises	p. 106
Key Terms	p. 107
Choosing a Research Design	p. 109
Ethnography: A Synopsis	p. 111
Overview	p. 111
An ExampleùIn Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio	p. 111
An ExampkùLiquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street	p. 112
Ethnography in Everyday Life	p. 112
Professional Strangeness	p. 112
Solving Puzzles in Reverse	p. 113
Ethnography: A Logic of Knowing	p. 115
The Culture Question: "How?"	p. 115
Culture as Process and Structure in Context	p. 116
Depth versus Breadth	p. 117
Falsification	p. 118
Questioning Reality	p. 119
Parsimony and Ockham's Razor	p. 120
The World in a Grain of Sand	p. 120
Ethnography Holds Up a Mirror	p. 120
Ethnography and Journalism	p. 121
Conclusion	p. 123
Exercises	p. 124
Key Terms	p. 124
Historical-Comparative Research	p. 125
Overview	p. 125
History of Historical-Comparative Research	p. 125
Exemplary Historical-Comparative Research Studies	p. 126
Characteristics of Historical-Comparative Research	p. 131
When and How to Use Historical-Comparative Analysis	p. 132
Conclusion	p. 132
Exercises	p. 133
Key Terms	p. 133
Social Autopsies: Adverse Events and What they Tell Us About Society	p. 134
Overview	p. 134
Contemporary Life and the Demand for Autopsies	p. 134
Types of Events: Natural Disasters, Accidents, and Intentional Acts	p. 135
Examples of Social Autopsies	p. 136
The Design of Social Autopsies	p. 139
Appropriate Types of Research Questions	p. 139
The Logic of the Social Autopsy	p. 139
Social Autopsies are Contentious	p. 140
Against the "Conspiracy Theory"	p. 140
Components of a Social Autopsy	p. 141
Who Was Affected?	p. 141
The Role of Organizations and Institutions	p. 145
Evaluate the Public Representations of the Event	p. 146
Putting it all Together: The Need for Multilevel Design	p. 147
Theoretical Foundations	p. 147
Related Types of Inquiries	p. 148
Applications	p. 149
Conclusion	p. 150
Exercises	p. 150
Key Terms	p. 151
Community-Based Participatory Research or Participatory Action Research (With Krista Harper)	p. 152
Overview	p. 152
What is CBPR?	p. 152
A Brief History (or Rather, "Herstory")	p. 153
What is the Meaning of "Community?"	p. 155
Problem-Solving? Whose Problems, Whose Solutions?	p. 155
Par in Action: Environmental Justice in a Hungarian Village	p. 156
Starting with Justice	p. 156
Getting to Know the Roma	p. 156
A Key Informant Emerges	p. 157
Jointly Designing the Project	p. 158
An Overview of CBPR as a Design Choice	p. 159
Practical Tips	p. 160
PAR as Method and Object of Teaching: Critical Perspectives	p. 160
A Retelling of PAR's History	p. 161
Revising the Definition of PAR	p. 161
PAR and Pedagogy: The Politics of Teaching and Learning through CBPR	p. 162
Beware the Backfire Effect: When CBPR Becomes the "Cure That Kills"	p. 162
Conclusion	p. 165
Exercises	p. 165
Key Terms	p. 166
The Analysis of Cultural Objects and Discourses as a Research Design (With Martha Martinez and Christopher Carroll)	p. 167
Overview	p. 167
Why Conduct Cultural Objects Research?	p. 168
Practical Reasons for Studying Cultural Objects	p. 168
Theory-Driven Reasons for Studying Cultural Objects	p. 168
Research in Action: Examples of Studying Cultural Objects	p. 169
Entertainment	p. 169
Advertising	p. 170
Understanding the Religious Imaginary: Thank You, St. Jude!	p. 170
Style	p. 171
Architecture and Urban Design	p. 172
Managers'Views of Workers: Developing a Research Design and Asking a Research Question	p. 172
The Invisible Metropolis (by Christopher Carroll)	p. 176
Analysis of High School Yearbooks	p. 178
Content Analysis Exercise: Home Pages of Colleges and Universities	p. 180
Summary: When and How Do We Use This Design?	p. 181
Formulate the Research Questions and Think about Relevant Theories	p. 181
Carefully Specify the Units of Analysis and Organize Your Sampling	p. 182
Identify Key Variables to Record	p. 182
Select Your Time Period(s)	p. 182
Create a Data File	p. 183
Conclusion	p. 183
Exercises	p. 183
Key Terms	p. 184
Multimethod Designs	p. 185
Overview	p. 185
Mixing Methods: The Value of Triangulation	p. 185
Reasons and Strategies For Bringing Methods Together	p. 185
Using Qualitative Research to Understand Forces that Produce Patterns of Variable Relationships	p. 186
Including Quantitative Analysis within an Overall Qualitative or Ethnographic Design	p. 186
Using Quantitative Methods to Analyze Qualitative Materials	p. 187
Using Qualitative Data to Contextualize Quantitative Data	p. 187
Using Quantitative Tools in Comparative Research	p. 189
Using Multimethod Research to Understand Contemporary Issues: The Example of Youth Crime and Homelessness	p. 190
Conclusion	p. 192
Exercises	p. 192
Key Terms	p. 192
Focus on Ethnography	p. 193
Ethnography: Defining, Preparing For, and Entering the field	p. 195
Overview	p. 195
What is Ethnography?	p. 195
The Field	p. 196
Casting a Big Light with a Small Lampz	p. 197
Getting Ready to Get Close: Planning for Ethnographic Work	p. 198
Doing Your Homework: Background Research	p. 198
Refiexivity Exercises: Placing Your Vague Preconceptions in a Vivid Foreground	p. 199
Asking Questions and Planning to Seek Answers	p. 200
Prepare for Your Role on a Stage Not Your Own	p. 201
Reflecting on Reduction and Recognizing Your Blinders! A Preparatory Exercise	p. 203
Thinking About Your Project: The Logic of Ethnographic Discovery	p. 204
Mental Habits of Ethnographers	p. 205
Sameness and Difference: Not the Same Difference	p. 205
Generalizing from Your Sample of One: Culture X	p. 205
Iterative Recursive Abduction	p. 206
Speculation, Imagination, and Surprise	p. 208
Maintaining the Capacity to Be Surprised	p. 210
Entering the Field	p. 211
New People	p. 211
Knowing When to Keep Quiet	p. 213
Conclusion	p. 214
Key Terms	p. 214
Types of Ethnographic Data	p. 215
Overview	p. 215
Review: Designing Research, Knowing the Data you Need	p. 215
Types of Data	p. 215
Behavior/Action	p. 216
Words	p. 221
Nonbehavioral Data	p. 224
Objects and Styles	p. 226
Events and Rituals	p. 227
The Intangibles: Norms, Values, Standards, and Beliefs	p. 228
People and Personas	p. 229
Conclusion	p. 231
Key Terms	p. 231
Writing Ethnographic Field Notes (With Gerald R.Suttles)	p. 232
Overview	p. 232
The Significance of Field Notes	p. 232
The Basics of Field Notes	p. 232
Handling Time	p. 233
Language and Terminology: The Key to Understanding Insider Views	p. 236
Concreteness	p. 237
Present Tense	p. 238
Contemporaneity	p. 238
Writing to Think, Thinking to Write: Writing as Thinking	p. 239
From the Periphery to the Core: Lessons from a Student Ethnography of a Tattoo Parlor in Chicago, IL	p. 240
Putting the Blinders Back On: Smartly This Time!	p. 240
Digital Recording Technology	p. 241
Integrity of Data	p. 241
Logistics	p. 242
Conclusion: Field Notes and Professional Standards	p. 243
Exercises	p. 244
Key Terms	p. 244
Directed Strategies for Data-Making	p. 245
Overview	p. 245
Ethnography Essentials: A Brief Review	p. 245
The Directed Strategies	p. 246
When Should I Use Directed Strategies?	p. 246
What Do Directed Strategies Produce?	p. 248
Asking Questions	p. 248
Processual Interviewing	p. 250
Manualize	p. 251
Free-Listing and Pile-Sorting	p. 251
Sociometric Grid Mapping	p. 252
Daily Diary	p. 253
Ethnographic Shadowing	p. 255
Informant Mapping: Individuals and Focus Groups	p. 256
Systematic Social Observation (SSO)	p. 258
Conclusion	p. 261
Exercises	p. 262
Key Terms	p. 262
Choices from the Methods Tool-Kit	p. 263
Observation, Participant-Observation, and Carnal Sociology	p. 265
Overview	p. 265
A Spectrum of Observation: Degrees of Separation	p. 265
Unobtrusive Observation	p. 265
"Obtrusive" Observation: A Range of Involvement	p. 266
Carnal Participation and Observation	p. 266
Choosing Carnal Sociology	p. 267
The "Goodness of Fit" between Observer and Observed	p. 267
Research Ethics and IRB Restrictions	p. 268
Entry and Guides	p. 268
Entry	p. 269
The Guide, Key Informants, and Research Bargains	p. 270
Recording Observation and Participation: Field Notes and Analytic Memos	p. 272
Choices about Recording: Descriptive Notes	p. 273
The Analytic Memo: A Device for Making Sense of Notes	p. 274
Howard Becker's Tips for Improving Objectivity and Plausibility	p. 275
Observable Indicators	p. 275
Credibility of Informants	p. 275
Volunteered and Spontaneous Sharing of Information versus Directed Information: A Clue to the Salience of Concerns	p. 276
Noting the Frequency and Distribution of Phenomena	p. 276
First Steps: Mapping Space, Identifying Icons, Recording Time	p. 277
A Summary of Practical Tips	p. 278
Conclusion	p. 279
Exercises	p. 279
Key Terms	p. 279
Interviewing	p. 280
Overview	p. 280
Background and Orientations	p. 280
Orientations toward Interviewing	p. 281
The Postmodern View	p. 281
Structured, Semi-Structured, and Unstructured Interviews	p. 282
Interview Procedures and Practices	p. 285
The Sympathetic Ear: An Example of Research in Action	p. 285
Believing, Disbelieving and Disbelieving Belief	p. 285
Elite Interviews	p. 288
Asking Questions Informally and Interacting Effectively	p. 290
The "10 Commandments of Informant Interviewing"	p. 290
The Basics of Getting Informants to Engage in Revelatory Talk	p. 294
A Final Word on the Subject: Observation Trumps Interviewing!	p. 296
Conclusion	p. 296
Exercises	p. 296
Key Terms	p. 297
Focus Groups (With Tracey Lewis-Elligan)	p. 298
Overview	p. 298
The Many Uses of an Unnatural Venue: Focus Group Basics	p. 298
One Exception: The In Situ Focus Group	p. 299
Gauging Appropriateness of the Method	p. 299
Guidelines for Running a Focus Group	p. 300
Research in Action: Examples of Focus Group-Based Studies	p. 304
Case Example: Are African American girls joining the eating disorder mainstream?	p. 304
High School Focus Groups	p. 307
Conclusion	p. 310
Exercises	p. 310
Key Terms	p. 310
Life Narratives	p. 311
Overview	p. 311
The Life Narrative: A Staple Item in the Qualitative Research Method Inventory	p. 311
The Chicago School: Exemplary Life Narrative Studies	p. 312
The Spontaneity Factor	p. 312
Whose Life, Whose Narrative?	p. 313
A Suitable Topic	p. 313
A Suitable Life	p. 314
Motivation	p. 314
The Life History Interview	p. 315
Levels of Data	p. 315
Limitations of the Life History Interview	p. 316
FormatsVary	p. 318
Practical Guidance for Building the Life Narrative	p. 318
Recording	p. 318
The Transcript	p. 319
Interpretation	p. 319
Conclusion	p. 323
CODA	p. 324
Exercises	p. 324
Key Terms	p. 325
Visual Methods (With Thomas Fredericks)	p. 326
Overview	p. 326
The Centrality of "The Visual"	p. 326
Having a Vision: The Beginning	p. 327
The Image	p. 328
Creator and Consumer: A Contested "Relationship"	p. 328
Our Basic Assumptions about Imagery	p. 329
A Brief History of Visual Methods in the Social Sciences	p. 329
In the Beginning: Photography	p. 329
Science Poo-Poos Pictures	p. 330
Then Came Pictures in Motion... The Movies	p. x331
Then Came the 1960s: Peace, Love, and Subjectivity	p. 332
50 Years Later... and ... ?	p. 332
(Critical) Visual Literacy	p. 334
Visual Intelligence and Literacy	p. 335
Visual Literacy and Sociology	p. 337
How Sociologists Approach Visual Material and Methods	p. 337
The Data are and Must Be Images	p. 338
Implementing Visual Methods: Key Ideas	p. 339
Straddling the Great Divide: The Image as an Objective-Subjective Matter	p. 339
The Practice of Image-Making	p. 340
Video (as) Documentation	p. 340
Ethnographilm: A Particular Kind of Documentary Movie	p. 341
The Heart of Ethnographilm Is Ethnography	p. 341
Ethnographilm and Documentary Film: A Shared History	p. 342
So What Exactly is an Ethnographilm?	p. 343
Approaches You Can Take	p. 343
Some Basic Rules of Ethnographilmmaking	p. 344
Why Make an Ethnographilm?	p. 346
Conclusion ... Actually, We've Only Just Begun	p. 347
Exercises	p. 347
Key Terms	p. 347
Computer Software for Qualitative Data Analysis (With Sarah Korhonen and Rachel Lovell)	p. 348
Overview	p. 348
CADA	p. 348
New Tricks for Old and Young Dogs	p. 349
The Importance of Setting Reasonable Expectations	p. 350
Introduction to CAQDAS	p. 351
A Brief History of CAQDAS	p. 351
Reduction: The Key to CAQDAS	p. 353
Back to the Future: The Primacy of the Binary	p. 354
Garbage in, Garbage OutùRevisited with an Addendum Regarding False Hope	p. 354
The Magic Moment: Al Green or Alanis Morissette?	p. 354
Remembering Meaning	p. 355
Path Forward	p. 355
The Contenders: NVivo Versus ATLAS.ti	p. 355
A Note on Grounded Theory: Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Making Sense	p. 356
Coded Chunks of Text: The Foundation of Qualitative Data Analysis	p. 357
Inductive and Abductive Coding: Not Mutually Exclusive	p. 358
Logic of NVivo and ATLAS.ti	p. 359
Logic of NVivo	p. 360
Logic of ATLAS.ti	p. 361
The Trinity of Units: Analysis, Observation, and Manipulation	p. 363
Specifics of the Program Software	p. 364
Data Preparation	p. 367
Working With Data	p. 369
Coding	p. 369
Additional Coding Procedures	p. 371
Queries	p. 372
Relations/Relationships	p. 373
Eyeballing and Beyond: A Graphical View of Your Research	p. 374
Conclusion	p. 374
Key Terms	p. 374
Telling the Story	p. 375
The Research Report	p. 377
Overview	p. 377
The Canons of Form and the Canonical Research Report	p. 377
Voice	p. 378
Play it Straight	p. 378
Or Play it Not So Straight	p. 378
Writing Lit Reviews	p. 379
Other Elements of the Research Report: Practical Tips	p. 379
What Is Paraphrasing and Why is it Often a Problem?	p. 380
Truth: The Big Onion	p. 382
Truth and Objectivity	p. 385
Understanding the Participants' Point of View	p. 385
Distinguishing the Insider and the Outsider's Perspectives	p. 385
Developing Thick Description	p. 385
Considering Macro-Micro Linkages	p. 385
Theory-Methods Linkages in the Research Report	p. 386
Critical-reflexive sociology (Bourdieu, Wacquant, Burawoy)	p. 389
Conclusion	p. 389
Exercises	p. 390
Key Terms	p. 390
Wrapping It Up	p. 391
Overview	p. 391
Challenges Abound	p. 391
Legal Complications	p. 391
Holding Up the Mirror: Research Subjects See Themselves in Your Reportùthe Issue of Representation	p. 393
Promises to Keep (and Some to Break): Sharing Findings	p. 397
The Fading of Friendship	p. 398
Post-Project Blues	p. 400
Conclusion	p. 401
Exercises	p. 401
Key Terms	p. 401
Bibliography	p. 402
Index	p. 408
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