Dolphin Biological Investigations Lab Manual specific t/a Brooker Biology

by Dolphin, Warren D.

• ISBN13: 9780073323992
• ISBN10: 0073323993
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-16
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Developed to accompany the Brooker et al.:Biologytext; this lab manual focuses on labs that are investigative and ask students to use more critical thinking and hands-on learning. The author emphasizes investigative, quantitative, and comparative approaches to studying the life sciences.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Correlation Table	p. xii
Science: A Way of Gathering Knowledge	p. 1
Using the Scientific Method	p. 3
Description of the Problem	p. 3
Summarizing Observations	p. 3
Asking Questions	p. 3
Forming Hypotheses	p. 3
Designing an Experiment	p. 4
Procedure	p. 4
Data Recording	p. 4
Data Summarization	p. 4
Data Interpretation	p. 4
Conclusion	p. 5
Discussion	p. 5
Scientific Method Assignment	p. 5
Evaluating Published Information	p. 5
Evaluate Format	p. 5
Evaluate the Source	p. 6
Evaluate Writing Style	p. 6
Evaluate the Arguments	p. 6
Evaluate the Evidence	p. 6
Check the Data	p. 7
Evaluate the Conclusions	p. 7
Evaluating Scientific Literature Assignment	p. 7
Evaluating WWW pages	p. 8
Techniques in Microscopy	p. 11
The Compound Microscope	p. 13
Parts of a Microscope	p. 13
Making Slides and Using a Microscope	p. 14
The Compound Microscope Image	p. 15
Image Orientation	p. 15
Magnification	p. 15
Field of View and Brightness	p. 16
Focal Plane and Optical Sectioning	p. 16
Image Contrast	p. 16
Measuring with a Microscope (Optional)	p. 16
Using an Oil Immersion Lens (optional)	p. 17
Stereoscopic Dissecting Microscopes	p. 18
Electron Microscopes	p. 18
Transmission Electron Microscope	p. 19
Interpreting TEMs	p. 20
Cellular Structure Reflects Function	p. 23
Prokaryotic Cells	p. 24
Bacteria	p. 24
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)	p. 24
Eukaryotic Cells	p. 25
Protists	p. 25
Fungal Cells	p. 26
Plant Cells	p. 26
Animal Cells	p. 28
Using your knowledge	p. 31
Determining How Materials Enter Cells	p. 33
Simultaneous Osmosis and Diffusion	p. 35
Test for Chloride Ion	p. 36
Test for Protein	p. 36
Test for Starch	p. 36
Osmosis	p. 36
Diffusion in Gases (Optional Demonstration)	p. 37
Diffusion in Gels	p. 37
Osmosis in Living Cehs	p. 38
Elodea Plasmolysis	p. 38
Osmoregulation in Paramecium	p. 38
Using Quantitative Techniques and Statistics	p. 41
Measuring Volumes	p. 42
Practice Pipetting	p. 43
Verifying Techniques Using a Balance	p. 43
Calculating Simple Statistics	p. 44
Statistical Analysis of Class Data	p. 45
Using Histograms to Summarize	p. 46
Spectrophotometry	p. 46
Creating an Absorbance Curve	p. 47
Constructing a Standard Curve	p. 49
Modeling Biological Molecules	p. 53
Getting Started	p. 56
Carbohydrates	p. 57
Polysaccharides	p. 59
Lipids	p. 60
Amino Acids	p. 64
Polypeptides and Proteins	p. 66
Advanced Analysis of Peroxidase Structure	p. 68
Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids	p. 69
Determining the Properties of an Enzyme	p. 73
Peroxidase	p. 75
Preparing an Extract Containing Peroxidase	p. 75
Standardizing the Amount of Enzyme	p. 76
Analysis of Amount of Enzyme Data	p. 77
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity	p. 78
Temperature Effects	p. 78
Analysis of Temperature Data	p. 78
pH Effects	p. 79
Analysis of pH Data	p. 79
Demonstrating Effects of Boiling on Peroxidase Activity	p. 80
Optional: The Effects of Inhibitors	p. 81
Analysis	p. 82
Advanced Molecular Analysis	p. 82
Measuring Cellular Respiration	p. 87
Ethanolic Fermentation in Yeast	p. 89
Aerobic Respiration in Peas	p. 90
Forming a Hypothesis	p. 90
Experimental Setup	p. 91
Measurement	p. 91
Analysis	p. 92
Determining Chromosome Number in Mitotic Cells	p. 95
Mitosis in Animal Cells	p. 97
Mitosis in Plant Cells	p. 98
Measuring Duration	p. 98
Staining Chromosomes in Dividing Cells	p. 99
Tissue Preparation Steps	p. 99
Testing a Hypothesis	p. 101
Collecting Data	p. 101
Analysis	p. 101
Observing Meiosis and Determining Cross-Over Frequency	p. 105
Meiosis in Ascaris	p. 107
Experimental Organism	p. 107
Procedure	p. 108
Measuring the Frequency of Crossing-Over	p. 110
Background about Experimental Organism	p. 110
Procedure	p. 111
Analysis	p. 111
Advanced Statistical Analysis	p. 113
Determining Genotypes of Fruit Flies	p. 117
Life Cycle of the Fruit Fly	p. 119
Fruit Fly Anatomy	p. 119
Giant Chromosomes in Drosophila (Optional)	p. 120
Theoretical Background for Crosses	p. 121
Autosome Model	p. 121
Sex Chromosome Model	p. 122
Applying Chromosomal Models to Crosses	p. 123
Setting Test Crosses to Determine Genotypes	p. 124
Tending the Flies	p. 124
Predicting Alternative Results	p. 124
Investigating Wing Locus	p. 124
Investigating Eye Color Locus	p. 125
Counting the Offspring	p. 126
Analysis	p. 127
Isolating DNA and Working with Plasmids	p. 133
Isolation of Genomic DNA	p. 135
Rupturing Onion Cells	p. 135
DNA Precipitation	p. 135
Determining the Amount of DNA in Solution	p. 136
Transformation by Plasmids	p. 137
Making Competent Cells	p. 137
Transformation Procedure	p. 138
Selective Growth	p. 139
Analysis	p. 139
Testing Assumptions in Microevolution and Inducing Mutations	p. 143
Mating Game	p. 146
Random Mating	p. 147
Natural Selection	p. 147
Migration and Bottlenecking	p. 147
Mutation	p. 148
Computer Simulation of Microevolution	p. 148
Effect of No Natural Selection in a Large Population	p. 149
Effect of Natural Selection	p. 149
Genetic Drift	p. 149
Genetic Drift and Natural Selection Together	p. 150
Experimental Induction of Mutations	p. 150
Procedure	p. 150
Analysis	p. 152
Working with Bacterial Diversity	p. 155
Where Do Bacteria Live?	p. 157
Bacterial Cell Shapes	p. 157
Gram's Staining	p. 158
Determinative Microbiology	p. 160
Differential Growth	p. 160
Differential Growth Analysis	p. 161
Bacterial Population Counts	p. 162
Analyzing Milk Samples	p. 163
Application of Results	p. 163
Applied Microbiology	p. 163
Cyanobacteria	p. 164
Diversity Among Protists	p. 167
Clade Parabasala	p. 170
Clade Euglenozoa	p. 171
Phylum Euglenophyta	p. 171
Phylum Kinetoplastida	p. 172
Clade Alveolata	p. 173
Phylum Ciliophora	p. 173
Clade Stramenopila	p. 174
Phylum Bacillariophyta	p. 174
Phylum Oomycota: Water Molds	p. 175
Clade Rhodophyta	p. 176
Clade Chlorophyta	p. 177
Phylum Chlorophyta	p. 177
Amoeba Group	p. 180
Phylum Myxogastridia	p. 181
Investigating Plant Phylogeny: Seedless Plants	p. 185
Plant Adaptations to Land	p. 187
Algal Preadaptations to Land	p. 188
Anatomy and Life Cycle of a Stonewort	p. 188
Bryophytes	p. 189
Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)	p. 189
Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)	p. 191
Vascular Plants	p. 193
Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns and Horsetails)	p. 194
Investigating Plant Phylogeny: Seed Plants	p. 199
Gymnosperms	p. 201
Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers)	p. 201
Angiosperms	p. 207
Phylum Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)	p. 207
Observing Fungal Diversity and Symbiotic Relationships	p. 213
Observation of Field Samples	p. 216
Phylum Chytridiomycota	p. 216
Phylum Zygomycota	p. 217
Phylum Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi	p. 220
Mildews	p. 220
Cup Fungi	p. 221
Phylum Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi	p. 222
Fungal Associations	p. 223
Lichens	p. 223
Mycorrhizae	p. 225
Fun with Fungi (optional)	p. 226
Killer Fungi	p. 226
Fungus Amon-gus	p. 227
Summary	p. 227
Investigating Early Events in Animal Development	p. 229
Sea Star Development	p. 230
Cleavage Patterns in Invertebrate Animals	p. 232
Experimental Embryology with Sea Urchins (Alternative Activity)	p. 233
Obtaining Gametes	p. 234
Observing Fertilization	p. 235
Separation of Blastomeres (Optional)	p. 235
Frog Development	p. 236
Chick Development (Alternative Activity)	p. 238
Bird Gametes and Mating	p. 238
Chick Cleavage and Gastulation	p. 239
Later Developmental Stages	p. 241
Animal Phylogeny: Investigating Animal Body Plans	p. 243
Phylum Porifera	p. 246
Phylum Cnidaria	p. 248
A Polyp: Hydra	p. 248
A Medusa: Gonionemus	p. 250
A Colonial Form: Obelia	p. 251
Phylum Platyhelminthes	p. 252
Class Turbellaria	p. 252
Class Trematoda	p. 254
Class Cestoidea	p. 255
Phylum Nematoda	p. 256
Vinegar eels	p. 259
Rogue's Gallery	p. 259
Protostomes I: Lophotrochozoans and Development of Complexity	p. 261
Clade Lophotrochozoa	p. 263
Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)	p. 263
Phylum Annelida	p. 264
Annelid Diversity	p. 265
Live Aquatic Oligochaete Worms	p. 265
Earthworm Dissection	p. 266
Phylum Mollusca	p. 270
Molluscan Diversity	p. 271
Class Bivalvia	p. 271
Class Cephalopoda	p. 274
Squid Dissection	p. 274
Protostomes II: Ecdysozoa and Great Diversity	p. 279
Subphylum Chelicerata	p. 281
Horseshoe Crab	p. 281
Spider	p. 282
Subphylum Crustacea	p. 283
Subphylum Uniramia	p. 289
Class Insecta	p. 289
Using Keys to Identify Insects (Optional)	p. 291
Field Collecting Terrestrial Arthropods (Optional)	p. 292
Deuterostomes and the Origins of Vertebrates	p. 295
Phylum Echinodermata	p. 296
Echinoderm Diversity	p. 296
Phylum Chordata	p. 300
Subphylum Urochordata	p. 300
Larval Anatomy	p. 300
Adult Anatomy	p. 301
Subphylum Cephalochordata	p. 302
Subphylum Vertebrata	p. 304
Investigating Plant Cells, Tissues, and Primary Growth	p. 309
Investigating the Unique Structures of Plant Cells	p. 312
Investigating the Structure of Plant Tissues	p. 314
Meristematic Tissue	p. 314
Dermal Tissue	p. 315
Ground Tissues	p. 317
Vascular Tissue	p. 319
Primary-Secondary Growth and Transport in Roots and Stems	p. 323
Whole Roots	p. 326
Root Histology	p. 327
Longitudinal Section of a Young Dicot Root	p. 327
Cross Sections of Primary Roots	p. 328
Stem Structure	p. 331
External Dicot Stem Structure	p. 331
Microscopic Herbaceous Dicot Stem Structure	p. 331
Internal Woody Dicot Stem Structure	p. 332
Structure of Wood	p. 334
Internal Monocot Stem Structure	p. 334
Transpiration (Demonstration)	p. 336
Demonstration: Testing the Water Tension Hypothesis	p. 337
Investigating Leaf Structure and Photosynthesis	p. 339
Types of Leaves	p. 341
Internal Leaf Anatomy	p. 342
Structure of a Dicot Leaf	p. 342
Structure of a Monocot Leaf	p. 344
Guard-Cell Response to Osmotic Stress	p. 344
Photosynthetic Pigments	p. 345
Extraction Procedure	p. 345
Absorption Spectrum	p. 346
Analysis	p. 346
Light Intensity and Photosynthetic Rate	p. 346
Procedure	p. 347
Analysis	p. 348
Testing a Prediction	p. 348
Demonstration of Starch Accumulation in Leaves (Optional)	p. 349
Angiosperm Reproduction, Germination, and Development	p. 353
Sexual Reproduction	p. 356
Flower Structure	p. 356
Gametophytes in Flowering Plants	p. 358
Pollination	p. 361
Fertilization	p. 362
Embryo Development	p. 363
Seeds	p. 363
Fruits	p. 364
Investigating the Effects of Hormones on Plant Development	p. 366
Effects of Hormones on Seedling Growth Patterns	p. 366
Investigating Digestive and Gas Exchange Systems	p. 371
Invertebrate Feeding Behavior in Hydra	p. 372
Mammalian Digestive System Anatomy	p. 373
Anatomy of the Mouth	p. 373
Alimentary Canal Anatomy	p. 374
Histology of Small Intestine	p. 376
Invertebrate Respiratory Systems	p. 376
Insect Tracheal System	p. 376
Gills	p. 377
Mammalian Respiratory System	p. 378
Respiratory Tree Anatomy	p. 378
Microscopic Examination of Maramalian Lung	p. 379
Lung Ventilation Mechanism	p. 379
Measuring Human Respiratory Volumes	p. 379
Comparative Summary	p. 382
Investigating Circulatory Systems	p. 385
Invertebrate Circulatory System	p. 387
Optional Demonstration of Open Circulation	p. 387
Mammalian Circulatory System	p. 388
The Heart and Its Vessels	p. 388
Vessels Cranial to the Heart	p. 389
Vessels Caudal to the Heart	p. 391
Internal Heart Structure	p. 391
Histology of Vessels	p. 392
Blood	p. 392
Circulation in Capillaries	p. 395
Measuring Blood Pressure	p. 396
Blood Pressures under Experimental Conditions	p. 397
Investigating the Urogenital System	p. 399
Invertebrate Excretory Systems	p. 400
Nephridial Systems	p. 400
Mammalian Excretory System	p. 401
Anatomy of Fetal Pig Excretory System	p. 401
Nephron Structure	p. 402
Mammalian Reproductive System	p. 403
Male System	p. 403
Female System	p. 404
Investigating the Properties of Muscle and Skeletal Systems	p. 407
Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle	p. 409
Cardiac Muscle	p. 411
Fetal Pig Superficial Muscles (Optional)	p. 411
Physiology of Muscle	p. 413
Overview of Experiment	p. 413
Determining Motor Point	p. 413
Determining Threshold	p. 413
Recruitment of Motor Units	p. 414
Temporal Summation and Tetany	p. 414
Skeletal Systems	p. 414
Types of Skeletons	p. 415
Hydrostatic Skeletons	p. 415
Exoskeletons	p. 415
Endoskeletons	p. 416
Microanatomy of Bone	p. 417
Comparative Vertebrate Endoskeletons	p. 417
Skeletal Comparisons	p. 417
Investigating Nervous and Sensory Systems	p. 421
Microanatomy of the Nervous System	p. 423
Mammalian Nervous System	p. 425
Spinal Cord	p. 425
Autonomic System	p. 425
Brain	p. 426
Sensory Systems	p. 428
Eye Anatomy	p. 428
Color Vision	p. 429
Ear Anatomy	p. 430
Estimating Population Size and Growth	p. 433
Quadrat Sampling of Vegetation	p. 434
Technique	p. 434
Analysis	p. 436
Mark and Recapture	p. 437
Technique	p. 438
Analysis	p. 438
Exponential Population Growth	p. 439
Computer-Generated Growth Curves	p. 440
Significant Figures and Rounding	p. 443
What Are Significant Figures?	p. 443
Doing Arithmetic with Significant Figures	p. 443
What Is Rounding?	p. 443
Examples of Rounding	p. 444
Making Graphs	p. 445
Line Graphs	p. 445
Derivative Graphs	p. 446
Histograms	p. 446
Simple Statistics	p. 447
Dealing with Measurement Data	p. 447
Comparing Count Data: Dealing with Variability	p. 449
Scientific Hypothesis	p. 450
Testing the Null Hypothesis	p. 451
Making a Decision about the Null Hypothesis	p. 451
A Hypothetical Alternative	p. 452
Writing Lab Reports and Scientific Papers	p. 453
Format	p. 453
Title	p. 453
Abstrac	p. 453
Introduction	p. 453
Materials and Methods	p. 453
Results	p. 454
Discussion	p. 454
Literature Cited	p. 454
General Comments on Style	p. 454
Further Reading	p. 455
Credits	p. 457
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