Doppler Ultrasound Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing

by Evans, David H.; McDicken, W. Norman

• ISBN13: 9780471970019
• ISBN10: 0471970018
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-02-08
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

* Provides the Doppler ultrasound user with a firm grasp of its underlying physical principles. This book provides a sound theoretical basis for clinical users of Doppler ultrasound, and includes an up-to-date survey of the many new innovations that have been described as potentially useful for detecting, measuring and imaging blood flow. This latest edition provides a major review of the technical literature on Doppler ultrasound plus two new chapters on Colour Flow Scanners and emerging Doppler techniques. In order to reflect the now widespread use of colour Doppler systems, the number of colour illustrations has substantially increased. The range and breadth of topics covered, ensures that this is an essential reference for Doppler enthusiasts whether from a medical, scientific or technical discipline.

Author Biography

David H. Evans is the author of Doppler Ultrasound: Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

W. Norman McDicken is the author of Doppler Ultrasound: Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Preface to First Edition	xiii
Plates	xv
Introduction
The Doppler effect	1	(1)
Ultrasound	1	(1)
Doppler ultrasound in medicine	2	(1)
Summary	3	(1)
References	3	(2)
Blood Flow
Introduction	5	(1)
Basic concepts and definitions	5	(1)
Steady flow in rigid tubes	6	(3)
Pulsatile flow in rigid tubes	9	(5)
Pulsatile flow in elastic and viscoelastic tubes	14	(2)
The effects of geometric changes	16	(4)
Velocity profiles in human arteries	20	(2)
Computational fluid dynamics	22	(2)
Summary	24	(1)
Notation	24	(1)
References	25	(1)
Recommended reading	26	(1)
Physics of Ultrasound Propagation
Introduction	27	(1)
Ultrasonic waves	27	(7)
Ultrasonic phenomena	34	(5)
Ultrasonic tissue characterisation parameters	39	(1)
The Doppler effect	39	(1)
Summary	40	(1)
Notation	40	(1)
References	41	(2)
Doppler Systems: A General Overview
Introduction	43	(1)
Velocity detecting systems	43	(11)
Duplex systems	54	(2)
Profile detecting systems	56	(2)
Velocity imaging systems	58	(9)
Summary	67	(1)
References	67	(4)
Ultrasonic Transducers, Fields and Beams
Introduction	71	(1)
Transducers	71	(13)
Ultrasonic beams and fields	84	(4)
Doppler sample volumes	88	(2)
Measurement of fields, zones, beams and sample volumes	90	(3)
Sterilisation of transducers	93	(1)
Damage to transducers	94	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
References	94	(3)
Signal Detection and Pre-processing: CW and PW Doppler
Introduction	97	(1)
Continuous wave systems	97	(8)
Pulsed wave systems	105	(2)
Direction detection	107	(7)
Analogue envelope detectors	114	(2)
Complex Doppler systems	116	(1)
Summary	117	(1)
References	117	(2)
The Doppler Power Spectrum
Introduction	119	(1)
Blood as an ultrasonic target	120	(11)
Continuous wave Doppler spectra	131	(11)
Pulsed wave Doppler spectra	142	(4)
Summary	146	(1)
Notation	146	(1)
References	147	(53)
Doppler Signal Processors: Theoretical Considerations
Introduction	150	(1)
Spectral estimation techniques	150	(19)
Mean frequency processors	169	(10)
Maximum frequency processors	179	(8)
Zero-crossing processors (RMS followers)	187	(2)
Other signal location estimators	189	(1)
Envelope averaging techniques	190	(1)
Comparison and choice of envelope extraction techniques	191	(1)
Summary	192	(1)
Notation	192	(2)
References	194	(6)
Waveform Analysis and Pattern Recognition
Introduction	200	(1)
Pattern recognition principles	200	(1)
Pre-processing	201	(1)
Feature extraction	201	(18)
Classification	219	(3)
Summary	222	(1)
Notation	222	(1)
References	223	(6)
Colour Flow Imaging (CFI) Systems
Introduction	229	(1)
Ultrasonic imaging	230	(1)
Doppler imaging methods	231	(2)
Specialised Doppler imaging methods	233	(4)
Features of Doppler imagers	237	(2)
Performance and use of colour Doppler imaging	239	(2)
Artefacts in Doppler techniques	241	(2)
Summary	243	(1)
References	244	(1)
Signal Processing for Colour Flow Imaging
Introduction	245	(1)
Current narrow-band colour imaging systems	245	(11)
Other narrow-band (phase shift estimation) methods	256	(7)
Wide band (time shift estimation) methods	263	(17)
Direction of arrival methods	280	(2)
Future directions	282	(1)
Summary	282	(1)
Notation	282	(2)
References	284	(4)
Volumetric Blood flow Measurement
Introduction	288	(1)
Flow measurement with duplex scanners	288	(5)
Flow measurement with multigate systems-1-D profiles	293	(3)
Flow measurement with multigate systems-2-D profiles	296	(2)
Flow measurement-attenuation-compensated method	298	(2)
Flow measurement-assumed velocity profile method	300	(1)
Flow measurement-C-mode Doppler techniques	300	(3)
Flow measurement using contrast agents	303	(1)
Miscellaneous techniques	303	(4)
Flow measurement errors	307	(1)
Summary	307	(1)
References	307	(4)
Miscellaneous Doppler Techniques
Introduction	311	(1)
Contrast agents	311	(6)
Perfusion techniques	317	(2)
Emboli detection	319	(4)
Transverse Doppler	323	(2)
Vector Doppler techniques	325	(8)
Speckle tracking techniques	333	(4)
Decorrelation based techniques	337	(2)
3-D Doppler imaging	339	(4)
Tissue motion imaging	343	(4)
Anti-aliasing techniques	347	(3)
B-Flow	350	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
References	350	(9)
Safety Considerations in Doppler Ultrasound
Introduction	359	(1)
Ultrasonic field measurement	359	(3)
Ultrasonic output from Doppler units	362	(1)
Physical effects of ultrasound	363	(2)
Bioeffects of ultrasound	365	(2)
Contrast agents	367	(2)
Safety standards	369	(5)
Safety statements	374	(2)
Minimising patient exposure	376	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
References	378	(3)
Appendix 1 Special Functions Arising from Womersley's Theory	381	(34)
Appendix 2 Doppler Test Devices
PR Hoskins
KV Ramnarine
A2.1 Introduction	382	(1)
A2.2 Flow phantoms	382	(9)
A2.3 Other moving target devices	391	(4)
A2.4 Electronic injection devices	395	(2)
A2.5 Measurement using test objects	397	(4)
A2.6 Which test objects are useful?	401	(1)
A2.7 Conclusion	402	(1)
A2.8 References	402	(3)
Appendix 3 Recording and Reproduction of Doppler Signals and Colour Doppler Images
T Anderson
A3.1 Introduction	405	(1)
A3.2 Characteristics of Doppler audio signals	406	(1)
A3.3 Recording Doppler audio signals	407	(3)
A3.4 Recording colour Doppler images	410	(4)
A3.5 Terminology of specifications	414	(1)
A3.6 Summary	414	(1)
A3.7 References	414	(1)
A3.8 Further reading	414	(1)
Index	415