Dosage Calculations: A Ratio-Proportion Approach

by Gloria D. Pickar; Amy Pickar-Abernethy

• ISBN13: 9780827349827
• ISBN10: 0827349823
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2015-01-01
• Publisher: ITP

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgments	p. xi
Introduction to the Learner	p. xiii
Using This Book	p. xv
Mathematics Review	p. 1
Mathematics Diagnostic Evaluation	p. 2
Fractions and Decimals	p. 5
Fractions	p. 5
Decimals	p. 20
Ratios, Percents, Simple Equations, and Ratio-Proportion	p. 37
Ratios and Percents	p. 37
Solving Simple Equations for "X"	p. 42
Ratio-Proportion: Cross-Multiplying to Solve for "X"	p. 45
Finding the Percentage of a Quantity	p. 50
Section 1 Self-Evaluation	p. 54
Measurement Systems, Drug Orders, and Drug Labels	p. 57
Systems of Measurement	p. 61
The Metric System	p. 61
The Apothecary and Household Systems	p. 65
Other Common Drug Measurements: Units and Milliequivalents	p. 68
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 70
Conversions: Metric, Apothecary, and Household Systems	p. 73
Converting from One Unit to Another Using the Conversion Factor Method	p. 75
Converting Within the Metric System Using the Conversion Factor Method	p. 77
Converting Between Systems of Measurement Using the Conversion Factor Method	p. 82
Converting Using the Ratio-Proportion Method	p. 88
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 90
Conversions for Other Clinical Applications: Time and Temperature	p. 93
Converting Between Traditional and International Time	p. 93
Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature	p. 97
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 99
Equipment Used in Dosage Measurement	p. 101
Oral Administration	p. 101
Parenteral Administration	p. 103
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 113
Interpreting Drug Orders	p. 117
Medical Abbreviations	p. 117
The Drug Order	p. 118
Computerized Medication Administration Systems	p. 124
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 127
Understanding Drug Labels	p. 133
Brand and Generic Names	p. 134
Dosage Strength	p. 134
Form	p. 135
Supply Dosage	p. 136
Total Volume	p. 136
Administration Route	p. 136
Directions for Mixing or Reconstituting	p. 137
Label Alerts	p. 138
Name of the Manufacturer	p. 138
Expiration Date	p. 139
Lot or Contol Number	p. 139
National Drug Code (NDC)	p. 139
Bar Code Symbols	p. 140
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)	p. 140
Unit- and Single-Dose Labels	p. 140
Combination Drugs	p. 141
Supply Dosage Expressed as a Ratio or Percent	p. 141
Checking Labels	p. 142
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 145
Section 2 Self-Evaluation	p. 150
Drug Dosage Calculations	p. 155
Oral Dosage of Drugs	p. 157
Tablets and Capsules	p. 157
Three-Step Approach to Dosage Calculations	p. 158
Oral Liquids	p. 171
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 177
Parenteral Dosage of Drugs	p. 187
Injectable Solutions	p. 187
Insulin	p. 199
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 211
Reconstitution of Solutions	p. 221
Solution Properties	p. 221
Reconstitution of Injectable Medications in Powder Form	p. 222
Types of Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions	p. 225
Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions with Various Routes	p. 232
Reconstitution of Noninjectable Solutions	p. 249
Topical Solutions/Irrigants	p. 250
Oral and Enteral Feedings	p. 251
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 254
Using Ratio-Proportion to Calculate Dosages	p. 263
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 269
Pediatric and Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight	p. 273
Administering Medications to Children	p. 274
Converting Pounds to Kilograms	p. 274
Body Weight Method for Calculating Safe Pediatric Dosage	p. 275
Combination Drugs	p. 283
Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight	p. 286
Body Weight Dosage Calcuation Worksheet	p. 286
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 293
Section 3 Self-Evaluation	p. 308
Advanced Calculations	p. 321
Intravenous Solutions, Equipment, and Calculations	p. 323
IV Solutions	p. 324
Calculating Components of IV Solutions When Expressed as a Percent	p. 330
IV Sites	p. 331
Monitoring IVs	p. 332
Primary and Secondary IVs	p. 332
Blood Administration Tubing	p. 334
IV Flow Rate	p. 334
Electronically Regulated IVs	p. 334
Calculating Flow Rates for Electronic Regulators in mL/h	p. 339
Manually Regulated IVs	p. 341
Calculating Flow Rates for Manually Regulated IVs in gtt/min	p. 343
Adjusting IV Flow Rate	p. 351
Intermittent IV Infusions	p. 356
Calculating IV Infusion Time	p. 363
Calculating IV Fluid Volume	p. 365
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 367
Body Surface Area and Advanced Pediatric Calculations	p. 373
Body Surface Area Method	p. 373
Pediatric Volume Control Sets	p. 381
Preparing Pediatric IVs	p. 385
Minimal Dilutions for IV Medications	p. 388
Calculation of Daily Volume for Maintenance Fluids	p. 390
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 392
Advanced Adult Intravenous Calculations	p. 401
IV Heparin	p. 401
Critical Care IV Calculations: Calculating Flow Rate of an IV Medication to be Given Over a Specified Time Period	p. 408
Limiting Infusion Volumes	p. 418
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 422
Section 4 Self-Evaluation	p. 430
Essential Skills Evaluation	p. 435
Comprehensive Skills Evaluation	p. 449
Answers	p. 463
Index	p. 540
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