Preface | p. vii |
Acknowledgments | p. xi |
Introduction to the Learner | p. xiii |
Using This Book | p. xv |
Mathematics Review | p. 1 |
Mathematics Diagnostic Evaluation | p. 2 |
Fractions and Decimals | p. 5 |
Fractions | p. 5 |
Decimals | p. 20 |
Ratios, Percents, Simple Equations, and Ratio-Proportion | p. 37 |
Ratios and Percents | p. 37 |
Solving Simple Equations for "X" | p. 42 |
Ratio-Proportion: Cross-Multiplying to Solve for "X" | p. 45 |
Finding the Percentage of a Quantity | p. 50 |
Section 1 Self-Evaluation | p. 54 |
Measurement Systems, Drug Orders, and Drug Labels | p. 57 |
Systems of Measurement | p. 61 |
The Metric System | p. 61 |
The Apothecary and Household Systems | p. 65 |
Other Common Drug Measurements: Units and Milliequivalents | p. 68 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 70 |
Conversions: Metric, Apothecary, and Household Systems | p. 73 |
Converting from One Unit to Another Using the Conversion Factor Method | p. 75 |
Converting Within the Metric System Using the Conversion Factor Method | p. 77 |
Converting Between Systems of Measurement Using the Conversion Factor Method | p. 82 |
Converting Using the Ratio-Proportion Method | p. 88 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 90 |
Conversions for Other Clinical Applications: Time and Temperature | p. 93 |
Converting Between Traditional and International Time | p. 93 |
Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature | p. 97 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 99 |
Equipment Used in Dosage Measurement | p. 101 |
Oral Administration | p. 101 |
Parenteral Administration | p. 103 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 113 |
Interpreting Drug Orders | p. 117 |
Medical Abbreviations | p. 117 |
The Drug Order | p. 118 |
Computerized Medication Administration Systems | p. 124 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 127 |
Understanding Drug Labels | p. 133 |
Brand and Generic Names | p. 134 |
Dosage Strength | p. 134 |
Form | p. 135 |
Supply Dosage | p. 136 |
Total Volume | p. 136 |
Administration Route | p. 136 |
Directions for Mixing or Reconstituting | p. 137 |
Label Alerts | p. 138 |
Name of the Manufacturer | p. 138 |
Expiration Date | p. 139 |
Lot or Contol Number | p. 139 |
National Drug Code (NDC) | p. 139 |
Bar Code Symbols | p. 140 |
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF) | p. 140 |
Unit- and Single-Dose Labels | p. 140 |
Combination Drugs | p. 141 |
Supply Dosage Expressed as a Ratio or Percent | p. 141 |
Checking Labels | p. 142 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 145 |
Section 2 Self-Evaluation | p. 150 |
Drug Dosage Calculations | p. 155 |
Oral Dosage of Drugs | p. 157 |
Tablets and Capsules | p. 157 |
Three-Step Approach to Dosage Calculations | p. 158 |
Oral Liquids | p. 171 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 177 |
Parenteral Dosage of Drugs | p. 187 |
Injectable Solutions | p. 187 |
Insulin | p. 199 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 211 |
Reconstitution of Solutions | p. 221 |
Solution Properties | p. 221 |
Reconstitution of Injectable Medications in Powder Form | p. 222 |
Types of Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions | p. 225 |
Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions with Various Routes | p. 232 |
Reconstitution of Noninjectable Solutions | p. 249 |
Topical Solutions/Irrigants | p. 250 |
Oral and Enteral Feedings | p. 251 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 254 |
Using Ratio-Proportion to Calculate Dosages | p. 263 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 269 |
Pediatric and Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight | p. 273 |
Administering Medications to Children | p. 274 |
Converting Pounds to Kilograms | p. 274 |
Body Weight Method for Calculating Safe Pediatric Dosage | p. 275 |
Combination Drugs | p. 283 |
Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight | p. 286 |
Body Weight Dosage Calcuation Worksheet | p. 286 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 293 |
Section 3 Self-Evaluation | p. 308 |
Advanced Calculations | p. 321 |
Intravenous Solutions, Equipment, and Calculations | p. 323 |
IV Solutions | p. 324 |
Calculating Components of IV Solutions When Expressed as a Percent | p. 330 |
IV Sites | p. 331 |
Monitoring IVs | p. 332 |
Primary and Secondary IVs | p. 332 |
Blood Administration Tubing | p. 334 |
IV Flow Rate | p. 334 |
Electronically Regulated IVs | p. 334 |
Calculating Flow Rates for Electronic Regulators in mL/h | p. 339 |
Manually Regulated IVs | p. 341 |
Calculating Flow Rates for Manually Regulated IVs in gtt/min | p. 343 |
Adjusting IV Flow Rate | p. 351 |
Intermittent IV Infusions | p. 356 |
Calculating IV Infusion Time | p. 363 |
Calculating IV Fluid Volume | p. 365 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 367 |
Body Surface Area and Advanced Pediatric Calculations | p. 373 |
Body Surface Area Method | p. 373 |
Pediatric Volume Control Sets | p. 381 |
Preparing Pediatric IVs | p. 385 |
Minimal Dilutions for IV Medications | p. 388 |
Calculation of Daily Volume for Maintenance Fluids | p. 390 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 392 |
Advanced Adult Intravenous Calculations | p. 401 |
IV Heparin | p. 401 |
Critical Care IV Calculations: Calculating Flow Rate of an IV Medication to be Given Over a Specified Time Period | p. 408 |
Limiting Infusion Volumes | p. 418 |
Critical Thinking Skills | p. 422 |
Section 4 Self-Evaluation | p. 430 |
Essential Skills Evaluation | p. 435 |
Comprehensive Skills Evaluation | p. 449 |
Answers | p. 463 |
Index | p. 540 |
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