DRIP IRRIGATION

by Dasberg, S.; Or, Dani

• ISBN13: 9783540651222
• ISBN10: 3540651225
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-05-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book bridges the gaps between users of drip irrigation systems an d soil physicists, agronomists, horticulturists, hydraulic engineers, designers and manufacturers. It emphasizes the practical aspects of dr ip irrigation and the principles of drip system design from the choice of emitters and laterals to the design of the main lines. In addition , it includes sections on filtration, fertigation and subsurface drip design, and a special chapter on the monitoring and management of thes e systems.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(14)
Definitions	1	(1)
Historical Overview	1	(3)
Specific Attributes of Drip Irrigation	4	(11)
Advantages	4	(1)
Controlled Application	5	(1)
Maintenance of High Soil Water Potential in the Root Zone	5	(1)
Partial Soil Wetting	6	(1)
Maintaining Dry Foliage	7	(1)
Use of Low-Quality Water	8	(1)
Economic and Energy Benefits	8	(2)
Fertilizer, Herbicide and Pesticide Application (Fertigation and Chemigation)	10	(1)
Adaptation to Marginal Soils	11	(1)
Adaptation to Landscape Irrigation	11	(1)
Adaptation to Protected Crops	11	(1)
Limitations	11	(1)
Clogging of Emitters	11	(2)
Salt Accumulation in Soil	13	(1)
Mechanical Damage	13	(1)
Lack of Microclimate Control	14	(1)
Irrigation for Seed Emergence	14	(1)
Operational Constraints	14	(1)
Drip System Components	15	(21)
Emitters	15	(6)
Flow Rate and its Variation	15	(1)
Form of Pressure Dissipation	15	(3)
Emitter-Lateral Assembly	18	(1)
Discharge Regulation by Pressure Compensation	19	(1)
Flow Regime	19	(1)
Emitter Pressure-Discharge Relationship	20	(1)
Temperature Dependence	21	(1)
Laterals	21	(2)
Mains	23	(1)
Filters	23	(6)
Centrifugal Sand Separators (Vortex Filters or Hydrocyclone Filters)	24	(1)
Gravel or Media Filters	24	(1)
Screen Filters	25	(1)
Disk Filters	25	(3)
Chemical Water Treatment	28	(1)
Fertilizing Systems	29	(3)
Venturi Tube Principle	29	(2)
Fertilizer Tank (By-Pass System)	31	(1)
Injection System	31	(1)
Automation	32	(4)
Soil Water and Salt Regime	36	(34)
Modeling Soil Water Regimes	36	(22)
Water Flow Equations	36	(1)
Numerical Solutions-General Flow Conditions	37	(3)
Analytical Solutions-Steady State and Transient State Flow	40	(6)
Applications of Analytical Solutions-Illustrative Examples	46	(3)
Analytical Solutions-Design vs. Management Perspectives	49	(1)
Models For Water Distribution Based On Simplified Geometry and Volume Balance	50	(3)
Plant Water Uptake	53	(5)
Modeling Solute Distribution and Dynamics	58	(12)
Solutes and Drip Irrigation	58	(2)
Solute Transport Equations	60	(2)
Numerical Solutions for Solute Transport Under Drip Irrigation	62	(1)
Analytical Solutions for Solute Transport	63	(2)
Solute-Plant Interactions	65	(5)
Drip System Design	70	(30)
General Considerations	70	(1)
Emitter Spacing and Discharge	71	(4)
Emitter Spacing for Non-Overlapping Wetted Volumes	71	(3)
Emitter Spacing and Discharge for a Wetted Strip	74	(1)
Hydraulic Design of Laterals	75	(10)
Uniform Slope	75	(5)
Non-Uniform Slope	80	(2)
Varying Tube Size	82	(1)
Energy Loss Across Emitter Connections	83	(1)
Hydraulic Design of Main Lines and Submain	84	(1)
Design of Main Lines and Submains	84	(1)
Computer Aided Hydraulic Design	84	(1)
Effects of Variability in Hydraulics, Soil and Plant Properties	85	(9)
Effects of Emitter and Hydraulic Variability	85	(4)
Effects of Soil Spatial Variability and Plant Root Zone	89	(3)
Influence of Soil Spatial Variability on Monitoring Soil Water Status	92	(2)
Filtration Design	94	(2)
Water Quality	94	(1)
Water Treatment	95	(1)
Fertigation Design	96	(1)
Subsurface Drip Design	97	(2)
Drip Irrigation in Greenhouses	99	(1)
Monitoring and Management of Drip Systems	100	(25)
General Considerations	100	(1)
Irrigation Scheduling and Water Balance	100	(8)
Irrigation Amounts and System Capacity	102	(1)
Effect of Time of Day	102	(1)
Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients	103	(3)
Threshold-Based Irrigation Management	106	(2)
Monitoring Methods, Sensors, and Irrigation Guidelines	108	(14)
Soil-Based Sensors for Monitoring Soil Water Status	108	(10)
Climatic Monitoring of Evapotranspiration	118	(2)
Plant Monitoring	120	(2)
Drip System Evaluation and Maintenance	122	(3)
Practical Applications of Drip Irrigation	125	(14)
Orchards and Ornamental Trees	125	(6)
Citrus	125	(4)
Avocado	129	(1)
Deciduous Trees	130	(1)
Vineyards	131	(1)
Field and Fodder Crops	131	(5)
Cotton	131	(3)
Other Row Crops	134	(1)
Sugar Cane	135	(1)
Forage Crops	135	(1)
Vegetables	136	(1)
Subsurface Irrigation	137	(2)
References	139	(13)
Appendix (Case Studies)	152	(9)
Subject Index	161