Drug Utilization Research (DUR) is an eclectic scientific discipline, integrating descriptive and analytical methods for the quantification, understanding and evaluation of the processes of prescribing, dispensing and consumption of medicines and for the testing of interventions to enhance the quality of these processes. The discipline is closely related and linked mainly to the broader field of pharmacoepidemiology, but also to health outcomes research, pharmacovigilance and health economics.

Drug Utilization Research is a unique, practical guide to the assessment and evaluation of prescribing practices and to interventions to improve the use of medicines in populations. Edited by an international expert team from the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE), DUR is the only title to cover both the methodology and applications of drug utilization research and covers areas such as health policy, specific populations, therapeutics and adherence.

Monique Elseviers, Centre for Research and Innovation in Care, University of Antwerp, Belgium.

Björn Wettermark, Associate Professor in Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Morten Andersen, Visiting Professor, Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Senior Physician at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Senior Researcher at the Research Unit for General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.

Ria Benko, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy at the University of Szeged, Hungary.

Marion Bennie, Professor of Pharmacy Practice, University of Strathclyde, UK; Chief Pharmaceutical Adviser, NHS National Services Scotland, UK.

Brian Godman, Research Scientist, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Janet Krska, Professor of Clinical and Professional Pharmacy, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent, UK.

Elisabetta Poluzzi, Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.

Katja Taxis, Associate Professor of Pharmacotherapy and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Netherlands.

Vera Vlahovic-Palcevski, Professor, Department of Pharmacology, University of Rijeka Medical School, Croatia; Specialist in Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Rijeka, Croatia.

Robert Vander Stichele, practicing family physician in Ghent, Belgium.

List of contributors

List of reviewers

Acknowledgements

About the companion website

Part 1 -INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION TO DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Björn Wettermark, Monique Elseviers, Anna Birna Almarsdóttir, Morten Andersen, Ria Benko, Marion Bennie, Irene Eriksson, Brian Godman, Janet Krska, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Katja Taxis, Robert Vander Stichele, Vera Vlahoviæ-Palèevski

Part 2 –METHODOLOGY

2 STUDY DESIGNS IN DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Björn Wettermark, Mirko Di Martino, Monique Elseviers

3 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION FOR DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Tatiana Chama Borges Luz, Evalill Nilsson

4 SECONDARY DATA SOURCES FOR DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Irene Eriksson, Luisa Ibanez

5 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR DRUGS AND DISEASES
Marit Rønning, Stuart McTaggart

6 MEASUREMENT UNITS OF DRUG UTILIZATION
Hege Salvesen Blix

7 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DRUG UTILIZATION ANALYSES
Jesper Hallas, Henrik Støvring, Anton Pottegård

8 MEASUREMENT OF DRUG EXPENDITURE
Sabine Vogler, Jaana E. Martikainen

9 BASIC STATISTICAL METHODS IN DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Douglas T Steinke, Monique M Elseviers

10 VISUALIZATION OF DRUG UTILIZATION DATA
Maria Matuz, Ria Benko, Mikael Hoffmann

11 MULTILEVEL ANALYSES IN DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Juan Merlo

12 DEFINING AND DEVELOPING QUALITY INDICATORS FOR DRUG UTILIZATION
Stephen Campbell, Björn Wettermark, Morten Andersen

13 QUALITATIVE METHODS IN DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Anna Birna Almarsdóttir, Pia Bastholm Rahmner

Part 3 - APPLIED DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH

Section A - COMPARATIVE DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH

14 COMPARISON OF DRUG UTILIZATION ACROSS DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
Vera Vlahoviæ-Palèevski, Björn Wettermark, Luisa Ibanez, Robert Vander Stichele

15 COMPARISON OF DRUG UTILIZATION IN DIFFERENT HEALTH CARE SETTINGS
Sean MacBride-Stewart, Ksenia Zagorodnikova, Irene Langner, Gisbert W Selke

16 TIME-DEPENDENT AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN DRUG UTILIZATION
Eric Van Ganse, Laurent Laforest , Niels Adriaenssens

17 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PATIENT AND PRESCRIBER CHARACTERISTICS
Irene Eriksson, Ulf Bergman, Vera Vlahoviæ-Palèevski, Mia von Euler

18 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON HEALTH SYSTEMS
Tatiana Chama Borges Luz, Claudia Osorio-de-Castro, Björn Wettermark

Section B - DRUG UTILIZATION AND HEALTH POLICY

19 INTRODUCTION TO DRUG UTILIZATION AND HEALTH POLICY
Brian Godman, Hye-Young Kwon, Marion Bennie, Anna Birna Almarsdóttir

20 MANAGED INTRODUCTION OF NEW DRUGS
Brian Godman, Roberta Joppi, Marion Bennie, Saira Jan, Björn Wettermark

21 MANAGEMENT OF DRUGS IN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Brian Godman, Marion Bennie, Claudia Osorio-de-Castro, Vu Thi Thu Huong, Saira Jan

22 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND HEALTH POLICY
Richard Torbett, Donald Han, Indranil Bagchi

Secion B - DRUG UTILIZATION IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

23 DRUG UTILIZATION IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Hedvig Nordeng

24 DRUG UTILIZATION IN THE PAEDIATRIC POPULATION
Antje Neubert, Katja Taxis, Ian Wong

25 DRUG UTILIZATION IN OLDER PEOPLE
Katja Taxis, David O’Sullivan, Shane Cullinan, Stephen Byrne

Section C - DRUG UTILIZATION IN SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC AREAS

26 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF ANTIBIOTICS
Ria Benko, Marion Bennie, Samuel Coenen

27 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES
Elisabetta Poluzzi, Maarit Jaana Korhonen

28 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF ANALGESICS AND PSYCHOTROPICS
Helga Zoëga, Alesha Smith, Nadia Barozzi

29 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF BIOLOGICALS
Carlo Piccinni, Luigi Naldi , Martin Neovius

30 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF CANCER DRUGS
Nils Wilking, Thomas Hofmarcher, Ulla Wilking, Bengt Jönsson

Section D - DETERMINANTS OF DRUG UTILIZATION

31 HEALTH SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES
Paul Spivey, Brian Godman

32 PRESCRIBER PERSPECTIVES
Colin Bradley, Kathleen Holloway, Janet Krska

33 PATIENT PERSPECTIVES
Janine Traulsen, Nicky Britten, Janet Krska

Section E - ADHERENCE AND DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH

34 AN INTRODUCTION TO ADHERENCE RESEARCH
Bernard Vrijens

35 ASSESSMENT OF MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN FIELD RESEARCH
Monique Elseviers, Bernard Vrijens

36 ASSESSMENT OF ADHERENCE TO DRUG TREATMENT IN DATABASE RESEARCH
Jean-Pierre Grégoire, Jocelyne Moisan

37 INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE ADHERENCE TO DRUG TREATMENT
Marie Paule Schneider, Jennifer Celio, Yoleen van Camp, Matthias Cavassini

Section F - THE ROLE OF DRUG UTILIZATION WITHIN THE FIELD OF PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY

38 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Giampiero Mazzaglia, Peter Mol

39 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH AND METHODS OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Emanuel Raschi, Fabrizio De Ponti

40 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH AND THE REGULATOR’S PERSPECTIVE IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Xavier Kurz, Kevin Blake

41 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH AND OUTCOME RESEARCH
Henrik Toft Sørensen, Gianluca Trifirò

42 DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH AND PHARMACOECONOMICS
Cara Usher, Kathleen Bennett, Lorenzo G Mantovani, Dyfrig Hughes

Section G - ASSESSMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF MEDICINE USE

43 QUALITY INDICATORS FOR PRESCRIBING – WHAT DO WE MEASURE?
Petra Denig, Flora Haaijer-Ruskamp, Lisa Pont

44 QUALITY INDICATORS FOR PATIENT CARE IN PHARMACY PRACTICE
Hanne Herborg

45 INTERVENTIONS WHICH INFLUENCE PRESCRIBING DECISIONS AND DRUG UTILIZATION
Jens Søndergaard, Dorte Gilså Hansen, Debra Rowett

46 DEVELOPMENT, DELIVERY AND EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
Elizabeth Roughead, Andrew Gilbert

47 TOWARDS BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF PRESCRIBING- ENHANCEMENT INTERVENTIONS
Frank May

Part 4 -EPILOGUE

48 THE MANY FUTURES OF DRUG UTILIZATION RESEARCH
Hubert GM Leufkens, Frank May, Nicky Britten

Glossary

Index

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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