Drugs Across the Spectrum

by Goldberg, Ray

• ISBN13: 9780534580872
• ISBN10: 0534580874
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-09
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Considered the most comprehensive drug text on the market, Goldberg's four-color text encourages readers to examine the motivation for drug use, social implications of drug use, legal ramifications, and factors affecting how drugs interact with the human body. It provides a look at the history and culture surroundings of drug use and abuse, key information regarding specific types of drugs, and a review of drug treatment, education, and prevention approaches and programs.

Table of Contents

Part I An Overall Perspective
Drugs in Perspective	3	(18)
Definitions	4	(1)
Drug Misuse	4	(1)
Drug Abuse	5	(1)
An Historical Perspective of Drug Use	5	(11)
Alcohol	5	(2)
Marijuana	7	(1)
Narcotics	8	(2)
Coffee	10	(1)
Cocaine	11	(1)
Amphetamines	12	(1)
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs	12	(1)
Hallucinogens	13	(1)
Tobacco	14	(2)
Summary	16	(5)
Drugs in Contemporary Society	21	(32)
The Prevalence of Drug Use	22	(1)
The Impact of Drug Use and Abuse	22	(3)
Drugs from a Social Perspective	25	(5)
Patterns of Drug Taking	25	(2)
Extent of Drug Use	27	(3)
Drug Abuse by Older Adults	30	(1)
Drugs in the Workplace	30	(6)
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)	31	(1)
Drug Testing	31	(5)
Consequences of Drug Use	36	(1)
Drugs and the Family	36	(1)
Drugs and Deviant Behavior	37	(1)
Drugs, Education, and Employment	37	(1)
Drug Toxicity	38	(1)
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)	39	(2)
Designer Drugs	41	(2)
Fentanyl	41	(1)
Meperidine	41	(1)
MDMA (Ecstasy)	41	(2)
Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drugs	43	(1)
The Drug Business	43	(2)
Summary	45	(8)
Motivations for Drug Use	53	(24)
Reasons for Drug Use	53	(4)
Experimentation	54	(1)
Pleasure/Escape from Boredom	54	(1)
Peer Influence	54	(1)
Spiritual Purposes	55	(1)
Self-Discovery	56	(1)
Social Interaction	56	(1)
Rebelliousness	56	(1)
Drug Dependency Versus Drug Addiction	57	(1)
Theories of Drug Addiction	58	(3)
Personality Theories	58	(1)
Reinforcement Theory	59	(1)
Biological Theories	60	(1)
Social Theories	61	(1)
Mass Media and Drugs	61	(3)
Advertisements	61	(2)
Billboards	63	(1)
Television	63	(1)
Music	63	(1)
Celebrities	64	(1)
Ergogenic Aids	64	(5)
Anabolic Steroids	65	(1)
Human Growth Hormones and Erythropoietin	66	(1)
Creatine	66	(1)
Androstenedione	67	(1)
Stimulants	67	(1)
Depressants	67	(1)
Sexual Performance	68	(1)
Summary	69	(8)
Drugs and the Law	77	(22)
Whiskey Rebellion	77	(1)
Significant Laws	78	(5)
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906	78	(1)
Harrison Act of 1914	79	(1)
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937	80	(1)
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938	81	(1)
Kefauver-Harris Amendments	81	(1)
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970	82	(1)
Anti-Drug Abuse Act	83	(1)
Legal Issues	83	(10)
Drug Paraphernalia	85	(1)
The War on Drugs	85	(1)
Legalization	85	(2)
Drug Enforcement	87	(3)
Prevention	90	(1)
Racism and Drug Enforcement	91	(2)
Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentencing	93	(1)
Summary	93	(6)
The Pharmacology and Physiology of Drug Use	99	(22)
Pharmacology	99	(1)
Drug Actions	100	(1)
The Neuron	100	(1)
Neurotransmitters	101	(3)
Acetylcholine	102	(1)
Serotonin	102	(1)
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)	102	(1)
Catecholamines	103	(1)
Peptides	104	(1)
The Central Nervous System (CNS)	104	(3)
Reticular Activating System	104	(1)
Hypothalamus	105	(1)
Cerebral Cortex	105	(1)
Limbic System	106	(1)
Medial Forebrain Bundle	106	(1)
Basal Ganglia	106	(1)
Periventricular System	106	(1)
Brain Stem	106	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	107	(1)
Somatic Nervous System	107	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	107	(1)
Drugs and Major Body Systems	108	(2)
Endocrine System	108	(1)
Cardiovascular System	108	(1)
Respiratory System	109	(1)
Gastrointestinal System	109	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effects of Drugs	110	(4)
Age	110	(1)
Gender	110	(1)
Dosage	111	(1)
Purity and Potency	111	(1)
Drug Interactions	112	(1)
Tolerance	113	(1)
Set and Setting	114	(1)
Methods of Administration	114	(2)
Oral Ingestion	114	(1)
Injection	115	(1)
Topical Application	116	(1)
Inhalation	116	(1)
Summary	116	(5)
Part II Categories of Drugs	121	(170)
Alcohol	123	(26)
History of Alcohol Use in the United States	124	(5)
Colonial Times	124	(1)
Temperance Movement	124	(2)
Prohibition	126	(1)
Current Alcohol Use	127	(2)
Alcoholic Beverages	129	(1)
Pharmacology of Alcohol	130	(1)
Facts of Alcohol	131	(4)
Alcohol and the Brain	131	(1)
Alcohol and the Liver	132	(1)
Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract	133	(1)
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System	133	(1)
Alcohol and the Immune System	134	(1)
Alcohol and Cancer	134	(1)
Alcohol and Women	134	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	134	(1)
Alcohol-Related Issues	135	(3)
Underage Drinking	135	(1)
Problem Drinking	136	(1)
Alcoholism	136	(1)
Withdrawal	137	(1)
Causes of Alcoholism	138	(1)
Genetics	138	(1)
Psychosocial Factors	138	(1)
Culture	139	(1)
Alcohol and Society	139	(3)
Automobile Accidents	139	(2)
Accidents	141	(1)
Suicide	141	(1)
Family Violence	141	(1)
Children of Alcoholics	141	(1)
Summary	142	(7)
Narcotics	149	(20)
Extent of Narcotic Use	150	(3)
Use in the United States	151	(1)
Worldwide Comparison	152	(1)
Characteristics of Narcotics	153	(2)
Opium	153	(1)
Morphine	153	(1)
Heroin	154	(1)
Synthetic Opiates	154	(1)
OxyContin	155	(1)
Physical and Psychological Effects	155	(2)
Physical Effects	156	(1)
Emotional and Social Effects	157	(1)
Needle-Exchange Programs (NEPs)	157	(1)
Dependency	158	(1)
Toxicity	159	(1)
Medical Benefits	159	(1)
Analgesia	159	(1)
Gastrointestinal Difficulties	159	(1)
Cough Suppressant	160	(1)
Treatment and Support Groups	160	(2)
Detoxification	160	(1)
Narcotic Antagonists	160	(1)
Methadone and Other Treatments	161	(1)
Narcotics Anonymous	162	(1)
Summary	162	(7)
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs	169	(14)
Barbiturates	169	(3)
Types of Barbiturates	170	(1)
Effects of Barbiturates	170	(1)
Potential Hazards	170	(1)
Medical Uses	171	(1)
Nonbarbiturate Sedatives	172	(1)
Chloral Hydrate	172	(1)
Paraldehyde	172	(1)
Bromides	172	(1)
Meprobamate	172	(1)
Methaqualone	173	(1)
Misconceptions	173	(1)
Effects	173	(1)
Minor Tranquilizers	173	(3)
Benzodiazepines	174	(1)
``Date Rape'' Drugs	175	(1)
Inhalants	176	(2)
Glue and Other Solvents	176	(1)
Anesthetic Inhalants	177	(1)
Nitrite Inhalants	178	(1)
Summary	178	(5)
Psychotherapeutic Drugs	183	(12)
Understanding Mental Illness	183	(2)
Mental Illness and Medicine	183	(1)
Types of Disorders	184	(1)
Treatment of Mental Illness Prior to 1950	185	(1)
Demographics of Drugs and Mental Disorders	185	(1)
Antidepressants	185	(4)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	186	(1)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	187	(1)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	188	(1)
Lithium	189	(1)
Effectiveness	189	(1)
Side Effects	189	(1)
Toxicity	190	(1)
Antipsychotic Drugs	190	(2)
Effectiveness	191	(1)
Side Effects	191	(1)
Summary	192	(3)
Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Caffeine	195	(22)
Cocaine	195	(8)
Background	195	(1)
Properties	196	(1)
Mode of Intake	196	(1)
Historical Use	196	(2)
Crack	198	(1)
Cocaine and the Media	199	(1)
Effects	200	(1)
Dependence	201	(1)
Death from Cocaine	202	(1)
Cocaine and Pregnancy	202	(1)
Amphetamines	203	(5)
Early Applications	203	(1)
Pharmacology	203	(1)
The Amphetamine Trade	203	(1)
Consequences of Amphetamine Use	204	(1)
Methamphetamines	205	(2)
Methcathinone	207	(1)
Ritalin	207	(1)
Caffeine	208	(3)
Pharmacology	208	(1)
Properties and Risks	209	(1)
Effects of Caffeine	209	(1)
Decaffeinated Coffee	210	(1)
Caffeinism	210	(1)
Summary	211	(6)
Tobacco	217	(26)
History of Tobacco Use	218	(1)
Tobacco in the U.S. Colonies	218	(1)
Mechanization and Marketing	218	(1)
Opposition and Escalation	219	(1)
Costs of Smoking	219	(1)
Extent of Tobacco Use	219	(4)
Demographics of Smoking	219	(1)
Women and Smoking	220	(1)
Smokeless Tobacco	220	(1)
Tobacco Use in Other Countries	221	(1)
Clove Cigarettes and Bidis	222	(1)
Cigars	222	(1)
Characteristics of Smoking and Smokers	223	(3)
Nicotine and Performance	223	(1)
Tobacco Use by Young People	223	(2)
Nicotine Tolerance and Dependence	225	(1)
Symptoms of Withdrawal	226	(1)
Pharmacology of Tobacco	226	(1)
Physical Effects on the Individual	226	(3)
Heart Disease and Strokes	227	(1)
Respiratory Diseases	228	(1)
Cancer	228	(1)
Tobacco and Pregnancy	228	(1)
Tobacco and Physical Activity	229	(1)
Passive Smoke	229	(1)
Effects on Nonsmokers	230	(1)
Effects on Children of Smokers	230	(1)
Rights of Smokers Versus Nonsmokers	230	(2)
Anti-Smoking Legislation	230	(2)
The Tobacco Settlement	232	(1)
Cessation Techniques	232	(2)
Nicotine Gum	233	(1)
Nicotine Patches	233	(1)
Nicotine Inhalers	233	(1)
Drug Therapy	233	(1)
Aversive Techniques	234	(1)
Behavior Modification	234	(1)
Hypnosis	234	(1)
Acupuncture	234	(1)
Summary	234	(9)
Marijuana	243	(18)
Characteristics	244	(1)
Species of Marijuana	244	(2)
Points of Origin	245	(1)
Extent of Use	245	(1)
Pharmacology of Marijuana	246	(2)
Absorption	246	(1)
Tolerance	247	(1)
Physical Dependence	247	(1)
Psychological Dependence	247	(1)
Effects of Marijuana Use	248	(3)
Psychological Effects	248	(1)
Perceptual Effects	249	(1)
Cognitive Effects	249	(1)
Amotivational Syndrome	249	(1)
Physical Effects	250	(1)
Medical Applications	251	(1)
Glaucoma	251	(1)
Nausea and Vomiting	251	(1)
Asthma	252	(1)
Additional Medical Uses	252	(1)
Decriminalization and Legalization	252	(3)
Medical Uses of Marijuana	253	(1)
Cost	254	(1)
Crime and Violence	254	(1)
Summary	255	(6)
Hallucinogens	261	(16)
Terminology	261	(1)
The Origin of Hallucinogens	262	(1)
The Search for Hallucinogens	262	(1)
Amanita Muscaria	262	(1)
Saint Anthony's Fire	262	(1)
The U.S. Experience	263	(2)
LSD and Mental Health	263	(1)
LSD and Creativity	263	(1)
LSD and Government Experiments	264	(1)
LSD and the U S. Culture	264	(1)
Review of Major Hallucinogens	265	(4)
LSD	265	(2)
Peyote	267	(1)
Psilocybin	268	(1)
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens	269	(3)
Belladonna	269	(1)
Datura	269	(1)
Mandrake	269	(1)
Nutmeg and Mace	270	(1)
DMT (Dimethyltryptamine)	270	(1)
PCP (Phencyclidine)	270	(2)
Ketamine	272
Summary	262	(15)
Over the-Counter Drugs	277	(14)
Over-the-Counter Drug Market	277	(1)
Regulating Over-the-Counter Drugs	278	(1)
Categories of Over-the-Counter Drugs	278	(1)
Herbal Drugs	278	(1)
Analgesics	278	(4)
Aspirin	279	(2)
Acetaminophen	281	(1)
Ibuprofen	281	(1)
Naproxen Sodium and Ketoprofen	282	(1)
Cold and Allergy Drugs	282	(2)
Antihistamines	283	(1)
Cough Medicines	283	(1)
Decongestants	284	(1)
Antacids	284	(1)
Sodium Bicarbonate	284	(1)
Calcium Carbonate	284	(1)
Salts of Magnesium and Aluminum	284	(1)
Sleep Aids and Sedatives	285	(1)
OTC Stimulants	285	(1)
Weight-Loss Aids	285	(1)
Starch Blockers	286	(1)
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)	286	(1)
Benzocaine	286	(1)
Being a Smart Consumer	286	(1)
Summary	287	(4)
Part III Treatment and Prevention	291	(39)
Substance Abuse Treatment	293	(20)
Underlying Causes of Drug Abuse	293	(1)
Benefits of Treatment	294	(1)
Profile of the Drug Abuser	295	(1)
History of Treatment	295	(1)
Treatment Issues	296	(2)
Voluntary Versus Compulsory Treatment	297	(1)
Matching Patients and Treatments	297	(1)
Treating Adolescent Drug Abusers	297	(1)
Women and Treatment	297	(1)
Problems Associated with Treatment	298	(2)
Client Resistance to Treatment	298	(1)
Community Resistance	298	(1)
Continuing Drug Use	298	(1)
Relapse	299	(1)
Personnel Recruitment and Retention	299	(1)
Treatment Programs	300	(3)
Methadone Maintenance	300	(1)
Therapeutic Communities	301	(1)
Outpatient Treatment	302	(1)
Inpatient Treatment	302	(1)
Self-Help Groups	302	(1)
Alcohol Treatment	303	(4)
Alcoholics Anonymous	304	(1)
Moderate Drinking	305	(1)
Disulfiram (Antabuse)	306	(1)
Naltrexone	306	(1)
Summary	307	(6)
Drug Prevention and Education	313	(17)
Funding Drug Prevention	314	(1)
Changes in Drug Prevention	314	(1)
Drug Prevention in Retrospect	314	(1)
Effectiveness of Prevention Programs	314	(1)
Goals of Drug Prevention	315	(1)
Levels of Drug Prevention	315	(1)
Primary Prevention	316	(1)
Secondary Prevention	316	(1)
Tertiary Prevention	316	(1)
Identifying High-Risk Youths	316	(3)
Resilient Children	317	(1)
At-Risk Factors	317	(2)
Preventing High-Risk Behavior	319	(1)
Education	319	(1)
Role of Parents	319	(1)
Community Efforts	319	(1)
Drug Education	320	(2)
The Evolution in Drug Education	320	(1)
Limitations of Drug Education	321	(1)
Goals of Drug Education	321	(1)
One-Size-Fits-All Drug Education	322	(1)
Current Approaches to Drug Education	322	(2)
Personal and Social Skills Training	322	(1)
Resistance Skills Training	322	(1)
Drug Prevention Programs	323	(1)
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)	323	(1)
Just Say No!	324	(1)
Effectiveness of Drug Education	324	(1)
Health Education	324	(1)
Peer Programs	324	(1)
Summary	325	(5)
Bibliography	330	(1)
Answers to True/False Questions	331	(1)
Glossary	332	(7)
Index	339