Drugs in Society : Causes, Concepts, and Control

by Lyman, Michael D.; Potter, Gary W.

• ISBN13: 9781583605424
• ISBN10: 1583605428
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Introduction	v
Part I Understanding the Problem	1	(208)
The Nature of the Drug Problem	3	(30)
This Book's Theme	5	(1)
Overview of the Drug Crisis	5	(7)
Drugs and the Family	6	(1)
Drugs and Schools	7	(1)
Economic Loss	8	(1)
Drug-Related Deaths	9	(1)
Health Complications	10	(1)
Attitudes About Drugs	11	(1)
Why Do People Get High?	12	(2)
The ``Usefulness'' of Drugs	14	(1)
Drug Abuse Forums	14	(4)
The Natural High	15	(1)
Happy Hour	15	(1)
Medicinal Use	16	(1)
Religious Use	16	(1)
To Alter Moods and Metabolism	17	(1)
To Inspire Creativity	17	(1)
Measuring Drug Abuse	18	(2)
Who are the Drug Users?	18	(1)
Geographical Differences	19	(1)
Drug Abuse Trends	20	(1)
The Social Costs of Drug Abuse	20	(5)
Violence	21	(1)
Addicted Babies	22	(1)
Drugs and HIV	23	(1)
Lost Productivity	24	(1)
Drug Consumerism	25	(1)
Theories of Drug Abuse and Crime	26	(4)
Vice and ``Victimless'' Crime	26	(1)
Social Disorganization Theory	27	(1)
Cultural Transmission	27	(1)
Anomie	28	(1)
Opportunity Theory	29	(1)
Differential Association	29	(1)
Summary	30	(2)
Discussion Questions	32	(1)
Class Project	32	(1)
The History of Drug Abuse	33	(28)
History Repeats Itself	34	(2)
The Opium Menace of the 1800s	36	(1)
Late Nineteenth-Century Developments	37	(4)
The Twentieth Century	41	(16)
The Prohibition Era	45	(2)
Post-Prohibition Drug Abuse	47	(3)
The Postwar Era	50	(1)
The Turbulent 1960s	51	(2)
Late-Twentieth-Century Developments	53	(4)
Looking Ahead	57	(1)
Summary	58	(2)
Discussion Questions	60	(1)
Understanding Drugs of Abuse	61	(46)
Defining Drugs	61	(1)
Drugs and the Brain	62	(2)
Side Effects	63	(1)
Outcomes of Drug Abuse	64	(2)
Dependence versus Abuse	65	(1)
Drug Categories	66	(39)
Stimulants	67	(11)
Depressants	78	(7)
Hallucinogens	85	(7)
Narcotics	92	(4)
Cannabis	96	(3)
Steroids	99	(1)
Inhalants	100	(1)
Mood Drugs	101	(2)
Flunitrazepam	103	(1)
Diet Drugs	104	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Discussion Questions	106	(1)
The Illicit Drug Trade	107	(40)
Illegal Drug Trafficking in the Twenty-First Century	108	(2)
The Economics of Drug Trafficking	110	(3)
Drug Prices	110	(2)
Demand Elasticity	112	(1)
Financing Drug Deals	112	(1)
Merchandising and Distribution of Illegal Drugs	113	(5)
Marketing Illicit Drugs	115	(1)
Distributing Illegal Drugs	116	(1)
Profit Margin	116	(2)
The International Perspective	118	(25)
Mexico	119	(5)
Colombia	124	(4)
Bolivia	128	(1)
Peru	129	(1)
Trafficking Trends in South America	130	(2)
Trafficking Trends in the Caribbean	132	(1)
The Decline of the Jamaican Posses	133	(2)
Southeast Asia	135	(1)
Southwest Asia	136	(6)
Hong Kong	142	(1)
Summary	143	(1)
Discussion Questions	144	(1)
Class Projects	145	(2)
Domestic Drug Production	147	(30)
The Pharmaceutical Drug Industry	148	(4)
The Business of Painkilling	148	(2)
The Doctor's Dilemma	150	(1)
The Cost Crisis	150	(2)
The Drug Approval Dilemma	152	(2)
Adverse Drug Reactions	154	(2)
Domestic Marijuana Cultivation	156	(5)
Business Considerations	157	(1)
Types of Domestic Marijuana	158	(3)
Clandestine Laboratories	161	(5)
The Growing Meth Menace	162	(3)
Categories of Illicit Labs	165	(1)
Controlling Precursor Chemicals	166	(1)
Pharmaceutical Diversion	166	(9)
The Scammer	167	(2)
Doctors as Offenders	169	(2)
Theft of Drugs	171	(1)
Substituting Drugs	171	(1)
Addressing the Problem	171	(1)
Problems in Diversion Investigations	172	(2)
The Drug Audit	174	(1)
Summary	175	(1)
Discussion Questions	175	(2)
Drugs and Crime	177	(32)
Drug Use and Predatory Crime	178	(1)
Drugs and Violent Crime	179	(2)
Other Factors	181	(1)
Police Corruption	181	(11)
Preconditions for Corruption	183	(1)
Types of Police Corruption	184	(3)
Corruption in New York City	187	(2)
Corruption in Philadelphia	189	(2)
Institutional Corruption	191	(1)
Fighting Police Corruption	192	(1)
Corruption in Foreign Countries	192	(6)
Cuba	193	(1)
Mexico	193	(3)
The Bahamas	196	(1)
Panama	196	(2)
Money Laundering	198	(8)
Current Money-Laundering Trends	198	(3)
The Laundering Specialists	201	(1)
Concealment	202	(1)
Money-Laundering Techniques	202	(2)
Fighting Money Laundering	204	(2)
Summary	206	(1)
Discussion Questions	207	(2)
Part II Gangs and Drugs	209	(82)
Organized Crime and the Drug Trade	211	(16)
The Nature of Drug Trafficking	212	(2)
Defining Organized Crime	214	(3)
The Criminal Group	215	(1)
The Protectors	215	(1)
Specialized Support	216	(1)
The Alien Conspiracy Theory	217	(2)
The Mafia	218	(1)
Drug Gangs as Organized Crime	219	(5)
Summary	224	(1)
Discussion Questions	225	(1)
Class Project	225	(2)
Domestic Drug-Trafficking Organizations	227	(30)
Traditional Organized Crime: The Mafia	227	(10)
The Mafia's History	228	(2)
The Mafia and the Drug Trade	230	(5)
Contemporary Research on Organized Crime	235	(2)
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs	237	(8)
The Hell's Angels	240	(1)
The Outlaws	241	(1)
The Pagans	242	(1)
The Bandidos	242	(3)
Youth Gangs	245	(4)
Special Youth Gang Problems	246	(2)
Defining the Youth Gang	248	(1)
Gang Formation	249	(1)
Prison Gangs	249	(2)
Ancillary Trafficking Organizations	251	(3)
Summary	254	(1)
Discussion Questions	255	(2)
Foreign Drug-Trafficking Organizations	257	(34)
The Colombian Cocaine Cartels	258	(12)
Colombian Traffickers and the Cocaine Market	258	(2)
Cocaine Wholesaling Structure	260	(1)
The Heroin Trade	261	(1)
The Medellin Cartel	262	(1)
The Cali Cartel	262	(6)
Colombian Drug-Trafficking Organizations at the Millenium	268	(2)
Mexican Drug Syndicates	270	(4)
Narcoterrorism	274	(4)
Southwest Asia	275	(1)
South America	276	(2)
Cuban Drug Traffickers	278	(2)
Asian Organized Crime	280	(5)
Chinese Organized Crime	280	(3)
Yakuza	283	(1)
Vietnamese Gangs	284	(1)
Nigerian Drug Traffickers	285	(1)
Dominican Drug-Trafficking Organizations	286	(1)
Albanian Drug-Smuggling Networks	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Discussion Questions	289	(2)
Part III Fighting Back	291	(162)
The Drug Control Initiative	293	(32)
The Goals of Drug Control	293	(1)
Drug Laws	294	(2)
The History of Federal Drug Enforcement	296	(4)
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	297	(2)
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)	299	(1)
Drug Interdiction	300	(15)
The U.S. Coast Guard	302	(1)
The U.S. Customs Service	303	(2)
The Border Patrol	305	(1)
Interdiction Support Agencies	305	(1)
Coordination Organizations	306	(6)
The Task of Agency Coordination	312	(3)
Strategies for Street-Level Enforcement	315	(5)
Discreet and Nondiscreet Markets	315	(1)
The Kingpin Strategy	316	(1)
Marijuana Citations	316	(1)
Undercover Operations	317	(2)
Other Concerns	319	(1)
Police-Community Drug Control Efforts	320	(1)
Community Policing	321	(1)
Summary	321	(1)
Discussion Questions	322	(3)
Critical Issues in Drug Control	325	(40)
Drug Lord Abductions	325	(2)
Drug Courier Profiling	327	(1)
Drug Evictions	328	(1)
The Reverse Drug Sting	329	(1)
Entrapment and Reverse Stings	330	(1)
Zero Tolerance	330	(1)
The War on Drugs as a War on Women	331	(4)
The ``Crack Babies'' Scare	333	(2)
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing	335	(2)
How Mandatory Minimum Sentences Work	336	(1)
The Drug Crisis and the U.S. Prison System	337	(2)
Electronic Surveillance	339	(2)
Drug Testing	341	(6)
Home Drug Testing	346	(1)
Drug Testing in Schools	347	(1)
Needle Exchange Programs	347	(2)
Forfeiture of Attorney's Fees	349	(2)
Drug Control and Sports	351	(4)
Steroids and Athletes	352	(1)
Drug Control in Amateur Sports	353	(1)
Drug Control in Professional Sports	354	(1)
Medical Marijuana	355	(3)
Other Public Policy Issues	358	(3)
Reduce Aid to Source Countries	358	(1)
Increase Aid to Source Countries	359	(1)
Expand the Role of the Military	359	(1)
Legalizing Drugs	360	(1)
Increase Spending for Drug Education Programs	360	(1)
Summary	361	(1)
Discussion Questions	362	(1)
Class Project	363	(2)
The Issue of Legalizing Drugs	365	(28)
Public Opinion	366	(1)
The Pros: Arguments for Legalization	367	(7)
Tax Revenue	369	(1)
The Futility of Enforcement	369	(2)
The Restriction of the Drug Market	371	(1)
The Hypocrisy of Drug Laws	371	(1)
International Relations	371	(1)
Personal Freedoms	372	(1)
The Crime Rate	372	(1)
Public Health	372	(1)
Issues to Consider	373	(1)
The Cons: Arguments Against Legalization	374	(5)
The Alcohol Argument	375	(1)
The Crime Rate	375	(1)
New Revenues	376	(1)
The Addicts	376	(1)
Organized Crime	377	(1)
Personal Freedoms	378	(1)
The Cost of Legalization	378	(1)
Drugs in Amsterdam: The ``Dutch Way''	379	(3)
The British Experiment	382	(1)
The Alaskan Pot Legalization Experience	383	(4)
A Proposed Solution	387	(3)
A Comment from the Authors	390	(1)
Discussion Questions	391	(1)
Class Projects	392	(1)
Understanding Drug Control Policy	393	(28)
Shared Responsibility	396	(1)
Development of Federal Drug Control Efforts	397	(1)
Policy-Related Factors	397	(3)
Private-Sector Responses	400	(1)
The Role of the Military	400	(1)
Development of American Drug Policy	401	(2)
Demand Reduction	402	(1)
Supply Reduction	402	(1)
Other Variables	403	(1)
Strategies in National Drug Control	403	(1)
Drug Control in the Reagan-Bush Era	404	(2)
The United States Build-Up in Latin America	405	(1)
Politics and the ONDCP	406	(1)
Prohibition Then and Now	406	(3)
Comparative Lessons from Prohibition	407	(2)
Legal Tools in Drug Control	409	(8)
The Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)	410	(1)
The Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) Statute	411	(1)
Conspiracy Laws	411	(2)
Forfeiture Sanctions in Drug Control	413	(1)
Drug Tax Laws	414	(1)
Grand Juries and Immunity	414	(2)
The Witness Security Program	416	(1)
Summary	417	(1)
Discussion Questions	418	(3)
Control through Treatment and Prevention	421	(32)
Understanding the Drug User	422	(2)
The Rise in Addiction	424	(2)
Treatment Programs	426	(7)
Detoxification	427	(1)
Narcotic Antagonists	428	(1)
Maintenance (Substitute Therapy)	429	(1)
The Therapeutic Approach	430	(3)
Does Drug Treatment Work?	433	(7)
Drug Treatment in Lieu of Prison	434	(6)
Social Reintegration	440	(1)
Relapse	440	(1)
Problems with Drug Treatment	440	(2)
The Cost of Drug Treatment	441	(1)
Drug Prevention	442	(9)
Prevention through Education	443	(2)
Project DARE	445	(6)
Summary	451	(1)
Discussion Questions	452	(1)
References	453	(18)
Index	471