Drugs, Society, and Criminal Justice

by Levinthal, Charles F.

• ISBN13: 9780205439706
• ISBN10: 0205439705
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

An adaptation of Levinthal's Drugs, Behavior and Modern Society this successful, widely-regarded, highly readable and pedagogy-oriented textbook on drug use and abuse is now oriented toward a psychological/sociological perspective, with particular attention to issues related to criminal justice.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xvii
Drugs and Society: Past and Present	p. 1
An Introduction to Drug Use and Abuse	p. 1
Two Ways of Looking at Drugs and Behavior	p. 3
How Drugs Enter the Body	p. 6
How Drugs Exit the Body	p. 9
Factors Determining the Physiological Impact of Drugs	p. 11
Psychological Factors in Drug-Taking Behavior	p. 16
Physical and Psychological Dependence	p. 17
Psychiatric Definitions	p. 19
The Problem of Drug Toxicity	p. 20
The DAWN Reports	p. 24
Looking to the Future and Learning from the Past	p. 28
Summary	p. 32
Key Terms	p. 34
Endnotes	p. 34
The History of Drug Use and Drug Legislation	p. 37
Drugs in Early Times	p. 38
Drugs in the Nineteenth Century	p. 39
Drug Regulation in the Early Twentieth Century	p. 41
Drugs and Behavior from 1945 to 1960	p. 45
The Return of Drug Tolerance, 1960-1980	p. 45
Renewed Efforts at Control, 1980-Present	p. 48
Present-Day Attitudes toward Drugs	p. 50
Patterns of Drug Use in the United States	p. 51
America's Drug Debate	p. 56
Summary	p. 57
Key Terms	p. 58
Endnotes	p. 58
Theoretical Perspectives on Drug Use and Abuse	p. 60
Biological Perspectives on Drug Abuse	p. 61
Psychological Perspectives on Drug Abuse	p. 63
Sociological Perspectives on Drug Abuse	p. 67
Integrating Perspectives on Drug Abuse	p. 71
Risk Factors and Protective Factors	p. 71
Summary	p. 75
Key Terms	p. 76
Endnotes	p. 76
Legally Restricted Drugs in Our Society	p. 78
The Major Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines	p. 78
The History of Cocaine	p. 79
Acute Effects of Cocaine	p. 82
Chronic Effects of Cocaine	p. 83
Medical Uses of Cocaine	p. 84
How Cocaine Works in the Brain	p. 84
Present-Day Cocaine Abuse	p. 84
Treatment Programs for Cocaine Abuse	p. 88
Amphetamines	p. 90
Acute and Chronic Effects of Amphetamines	p. 92
Medical Uses for Amphetamines and Similar Stimulant Drugs	p. 96
Summary	p. 98
Key Terms	p. 99
Endnotes	p. 99
The Major Narcotics: Opium, Morphine, and Heroin	p. 102
Opium in History	p. 104
Morphine and the Advent of Heroin	p. 106
Opiates and Heroin in American Society	p. 107
Effects on the Mind and the Body	p. 111
How Opiates Work in the Brain	p. 112
Patterns of Heroin Abuse	p. 113
Heroin Abuse and Society	p. 116
Treatment for Heroin Abuse	p. 117
Medical Uses of Narcotic Drugs	p. 120
Summary	p. 123
Key Terms	p. 124
Endnotes	p. 124
LSD and Other Hallucinogens	p. 127
A Matter of Definition	p. 128
Classifying Hallucinogens	p. 129
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)	p. 130
Facts and Fictions about LSD	p. 135
Psilocybin and Other Hallucinogens Related to Serotonin	p. 137
Hallucinogens Related to Norepinephrine	p. 139
Hallucinogens Related to Acetylcholine	p. 142
Phencyclidine (PCP)	p. 144
Ketamine	p. 146
Summary	p. 147
Key Terms	p. 148
Endnotes	p. 148
Marijuana	p. 151
A Matter of Terminology	p. 152
The History of Marijuana and Hashish	p. 153
Acute Effects of Marijuana	p. 156
Effects of Marijuana on the Brain	p. 158
Chronic Effects of Marijuana	p. 159
The Gateway Hypothesis	p. 162
Patterns of Marijuana Smoking	p. 164
Current Trends as Causes for Concern	p. 165
Medical Uses of Marijuana	p. 166
The Issue of Decriminalization	p. 169
Summary	p. 170
Key Terms	p. 171
Endnotes	p. 171
Depressants and Inhalants	p. 174
Barbiturates	p. 175
Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics	p. 178
The Development of Antianxiety Drugs	p. 179
Benzodiazepines	p. 180
Nonbenzodiazepine Depressants	p. 183
A Special Alert: The Risks of GHB	p. 185
Inhalants through History	p. 186
Glue, Solvent, and Aerosol Inhalation	p. 188
Patterns of Inhalant Abuse	p. 191
Responses of Society to Inhalant Abuse	p. 193
Amyl Nitrate and Butyl Nitrate Inhalation	p. 195
Summary	p. 196
Key Terms	p. 198
Endnotes	p. 198
Anabolic Steroids and Drug Abuse in Sports	p. 202
Drug-Taking Behavior in Sports	p. 203
The Hazards of Anabolic Steroids	p. 209
Patterns of Anabolic Steroid Abuse	p. 211
Nonsteroid Hormones and Ergogenic Supplements	p. 214
Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies	p. 215
What Can Be Done about Anabolic Steroid Abuse?	p. 219
Summary	p. 220
Key Terms	p. 221
Endnotes	p. 221
Legal Drugs in Our Society	p. 224
Alcohol: Social Beverage/Social Drug	p. 224
What Makes an Alcoholic Beverage?	p. 225
Alcohol Use through History	p. 227
Patterns of Alcohol Consumption Today	p. 228
The Pharmacology of Alcohol	p. 232
Effects of Alcohol on the Brain	p. 235
Acute Physiological Effects	p. 236
Acute Behavioral Effects	p. 239
Summary	p. 243
Key Terms	p. 243
Endnotes	p. 244
Chronic Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism	p. 246
Alcoholism: Stereotypes, Definitions, and Criteria	p. 247
Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence: The Professional's View	p. 250
The History of Efforts to Regulate Chronic Alcohol Abuse	p. 251
Chronic Effects of Alcohol	p. 254
Patterns of Chronic Alcohol Abuse	p. 258
The Genetics of Alcoholism	p. 261
The Concept of Alcoholism as a Disease	p. 262
Approaches to Treatment for Alcoholism	p. 262
Alcoholism in the Workplace	p. 267
Summary	p. 267
Key Terms	p. 268
Endnotes	p. 268
Nicotine and Tobacco	p. 272
Tobacco Use through History	p. 273
Health Concerns and Smoking Behavior	p. 276
Tobacco Today: An Industry on the Defensive	p. 277
What's in Tobacco?	p. 279
The Dependence Potential of Nicotine	p. 281
Health Consequences of Tobacco Use	p. 282
Patterns of Smoking Behavior and Use of Smokeless Tobacco	p. 286
Quitting Smoking: The Good News and the Bad	p. 292
Summary	p. 295
Key Terms	p. 296
Endnotes	p. 296
Drug Abuse and Drug Policy	p. 300
Drugs and Crime	p. 300
Understanding Drug Use and Crime	p. 301
The Structure of the Illicit Drug Trade	p. 306
The Trafficking of Cocaine	p. 307
The Trafficking of Heroin	p. 312
The Trafficking of Marijuana	p. 316
The Trafficking of Methamphetamine	p. 318
The Trafficking of Hallucinogens	p. 320
Money Laundering	p. 322
Summary	p. 323
Key Terms	p. 325
Endnotes	p. 325
Drugs and the Criminal Justice System	p. 328
Source Control	p. 329
Interdiction	p. 331
Street-Level Drug-Law Enforcement	p. 335
Drugs and the Correctional System	p. 340
Summary	p. 344
Key Terms	p. 346
Endnotes	p. 346
Drug Policy: Prevention, Education, and Treatment	p. 348
Levels of Intervention in Drug Abuse Prevention	p. 349
ATOD Prevention: Strategic Priorities, Goals, and Resilience	p. 350
Lessons from the Past: Prevention Approaches That Have Failed	p. 352
Hope and Promise: Components of Effective School-Based Prevention Programs	p. 354
Community-Based Prevention Programs	p. 358
Family Systems in Primary and Secondary Prevention	p. 360
Yes, You: ATOD Prevention and the College Student	p. 363
Prevention and Treatment in the Workplace	p. 365
The Personal Journey to Treatment and Recovery	p. 368
A Final Note: The Continuing Need for Drug-Abuse Treatment	p. 370
Summary	p. 371
Key Terms	p. 372
Endnotes	p. 372
Photo Credits	p. 376
Index	p. 377
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