Early Socialisation: Sociability and Attachment

by Flanagan,Cara

• ISBN13: 9780415186568
• ISBN10: 0415186560
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-10-01
• Publisher: ROUTLEDGE

Summary

Early Socialisationlooks at sociability and attachment and how they relate to emotional and cognitive development. Topics covered include bonding, attachment, deprivation, separation and privation, as well as enrichment. Social and cultural variations are considered, and theories of attachment and loss are described and evaluated.

Table of Contents

List of illustrations	xv
Acknowledgements	xvii
Introduction	1	(8)
Some early views of childhood	2	(1)
The beginnings of childhood	2	(1)
This century	3	(4)
The maternal deprivation hypothesis	3	(1)
Evaluation	4	(1)
Imprinting and bonding	5	(1)
Imprinting, bonding and attachment	5	(1)
Bowlby's theory of attachment	6	(1)
Sociability	7	(1)
Cross-cultural research	7	(1)
Summary	7	(2)
Sociability	9	(16)
Introduction	9	(1)
Innate social abilities	10	(6)
Specific behaviours	10	(3)
Emotional expression	13	(1)
Emotional sensitivity	14	(2)
Learned social abilities	16	(1)
Nature and nurture	16	(3)
An interest in faces	16	(2)
More and more smiles	18	(1)
Reciprocal relationships	19	(1)
Ethical and methodological issues	20	(1)
Individual differences	20	(2)
Innate factors	21	(1)
The influence of others	21	(1)
Summary	22	(3)
Imprinting and bonding	25	(14)
Introduction	25	(1)
Imprinting	26	(5)
Konrad Lorenz and greylag geese	26	(1)
Critical period hypothesis	27	(1)
Sensitive period	27	(1)
Supra-individual	28	(1)
Consequences of imprinting	28	(1)
Evaluation	29	(2)
Bonding in non-human animals	31	(3)
Wire mothers	31	(1)
Experimental variations	32	(1)
Conclusions	33	(1)
Evaluation of non-human research	33	(1)
Bonding in humans	34	(2)
Skin-to-skin contact	35	(1)
Evaluation	36	(1)
Ethical and practical concerns	36	(1)
What bonding research means for attachment	37	(1)
Summary	37	(2)
The attachment process	39	(16)
Introduction	39	(1)
What is attachment?	39	(1)
The development of attachment behaviour	40	(3)
The asocial stage	40	(1)
Indiscriminate attachments	41	(1)
Specific attachments	41	(1)
Multiple attachments	41	(1)
Understanding why these changes take place	42	(1)
Evaluation	43	(1)
Individual differences in attachment	43	(1)
Measuring attachment	44	(4)
What the Strange Situation measures	45	(1)
Types of attachment	45	(1)
Stability of attachment	46	(1)
Evaluation	47	(1)
The value of a secure attachment	48	(3)
Short-term effects: benefits of secure attachment	48	(1)
Long-term effects: emotional development and relationships	48	(1)
Long-term effects: parenting	49	(1)
Long-term effects: personality development	49	(1)
Long-term effects: self-esteem	50	(1)
Long-term effects: cognitive development	50	(1)
Evaluation	51	(1)
Monotropy versus multiple attachments	51	(1)
Monotropy	51	(1)
The case for multiple attachments	51	(1)
Evaluation	52	(1)
Summary	52	(3)
Privation	55	(16)
Introduction	55	(1)
Children reared in isolation	56	(2)
The Koluchova twins (PM and JM)	56	(1)
Genie	57	(1)
Evaluation	57	(1)
Institutionalisation	58	(6)
Skeels' study	59	(1)
Tizard's study	59	(2)
Evaluation of Tizard's study	61	(1)
Other studies	61	(1)
Romanian orphans	62	(1)
Conclusions	63	(1)
Reactive attachment disorder	64	(1)
The effects of privation	65	(1)
Some conclusions	66	(2)
Privation or deprivation?	66	(1)
A sensitive period?	67	(1)
Individual differences in coping	67	(1)
Methodology	67	(1)
What does it matter?	68	(1)
Summary	68	(3)
Separation	71	(14)
Introduction	71	(1)
Responses to separation	72	(1)
Separation anxiety	72	(1)
Criticisms of the PDD model	73	(1)
Hospitalisation	73	(4)
Hospitals and later maladjustment	75	(1)
Evaluation	76	(1)
Day care	77	(4)
Day care in a nursery	77	(2)
Day care with a childminder	79	(1)
Attachment to day-care provider	79	(1)
Evaluation	80	(1)
Divorce	81	(1)
Parental discord	81	(1)
Explanations	82	(1)
Final evaluation of separation experiences	82	(1)
Summary	83	(2)
Social and cultural variations	85	(12)
Introduction	85	(1)
What is `cultural variation'?	86	(1)
Cultural variations in attachment	86	(5)
Cultural similarities	86	(1)
The Strange Situation	86	(1)
The Strange Situation as an imposed etic	87	(1)
One or many attachments?	88	(1)
Are there any differences?	89	(1)
Attachment and economics	90	(1)
Conclusions	90	(1)
Cultural variations in childrearing	91	(3)
Studies of Western childrearing styles	91	(1)
Evaluation	92	(1)
Social class (sub-cultural) differences	93	(1)
Cross-cultural studies	93	(1)
Conclusion	94	(1)
Summary	94	(3)
Theories of attachment	97	(14)
Introduction	97	(1)
What is a theory of attachment?	98	(1)
Attachment theory before Bowlby	98	(2)
Freudian theory	98	(1)
Behaviourist theory	99	(1)
Evaluation of Freudian and behaviourist approaches	99	(1)
The ethological approach	100	(1)
Bowlby's theory	100	(5)
The influence of psychoanalysis: maternal deprivation	101	(1)
The influence of ethology: attachment theory	101	(1)
A critical or sensitive period	102	(1)
Is attachment innate?	102	(1)
Monotropy	102	(1)
The internal working model	103	(1)
Caregiver sensitivity hypothesis	103	(1)
A secure base	104	(1)
Attachment theory	105	(1)
Evaluation of Bowlby's theory	105	(3)
Rutter's commentary: maternal deprivation reassessed	105	(1)
Other criticisms of Bowlby's theory	106	(1)
Final analysis	107	(1)
Summary	108	(3)
Enrichment	111	(12)
Introduction	111	(1)
What is enrichment?	112	(1)
Cognitive development	112	(1)
Perceptual development	112	(2)
The effect of institutionalisation	112	(1)
Other studies of visual deprivation	113	(1)
Conclusion	114	(1)
Language development	114	(2)
Linguistic enrichment	114	(1)
Criticisms of verbal deprivation theory	115	(1)
Reading	115	(1)
Speech	116	(1)
Development of intelligence	116	(4)
Hothousing	116	(1)
Preschool enrichment programmes	117	(2)
Nutritional enrichment	119	(1)
Intelligence enrichment programmes: conclusions	119	(1)
Social and emotional development	120	(1)
Popularity	120	(1)
Attachment	121	(1)
Conclusions	121	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Study aids	123	(18)
Practice essays	124	(9)
Key research summaries	133	(8)
Bowlby (1946) Forty-four juvenile thieves	133	(2)
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) The development of social attachments in infancy	135	(2)
Fox (1977) Attachment of kibbutz infants to mother and metapelet	137	(4)
Glossary	141	(8)
References	149	(18)
Index	167