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ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDS
Summa Cum Laude - Harvard (1975)
Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences Department (University of Michigan) Distinguished Alumni Award (1992)
American Geophysical Union (Fellow, 2004)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow, 1995)
International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (Fellow, 2002)
Geochemical Society (Fellow, 2008)
Faculty Scholar Award, Penn State University (2005)
About the Authors | p. viii |
Preface | p. ix |
Global Change | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Global Change on Short Time Scales | p. 3 |
A Closer Look: Are Hurricanes Getting Stronger with Time? | p. 9 |
A Closer Look: The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole | p. 12 |
Global Change on Long Time Scales | p. 13 |
Daisyworld: An Introduction to Systems | p. 21 |
The Systems Approach | p. 21 |
Thinking Quantitatively: Stability of Positive Feedback Loops | p. 25 |
The Daisyworld Climate System | p. 26 |
Useful Concepts: Graphs and Graph Making | p. 28 |
External Forcing: The Response of Daisyworld to Increasing Solar Luminosity | p. 30 |
Global Energy Balance: The Greenhouse Effect | p. 36 |
Introduction | p. 36 |
Electromagnetic Radiation | p. 37 |
Temperature Scales | p. 40 |
Blackbody Radiation | p. 41 |
Planetary Energy Balance | p. 43 |
A Closer Look: Planetary Energy Balance | p. 44 |
Atmospheric Composition and Structure | p. 44 |
Thinking Quantitatively: How the Greenhouse Effect Works: The One-Layer Atmosphere | p. 45 |
Physical Causes of the Greenhouse Effect | p. 48 |
Effect of Clouds on the Atmospheric Radiation Budget | p. 50 |
Introduction to Climate Modeling | p. 52 |
Climate Feedbacks | p. 53 |
The Atmospheric Circulation System | p. 57 |
The Global Circulatory Subsystems | p. 57 |
The Atmospheric Circulation | p. 58 |
A Closer Look: The Relationships between Temperature, Pressure, and Volumes-The Ideal Gas Law | p. 59 |
A Closer Look: How Hurricanes (Tropical Cyclones) Work | p. 67 |
Global Distributions of Temperature and Rainfall | p. 70 |
The Circulation of the Oceans | p. 84 |
Winds and Surface Currents | p. 84 |
A Closer Look: Vorticity | p. 90 |
A Closer Look: The 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 ENSO Events | p. 95 |
The Circulation of the Deep Ocean | p. 96 |
A Closer Look: The Salt Content of the Oceans and the Age of Earth | p. 97 |
Useful Concepts: Isotopes and Their Uses | p. 102 |
A Closer Look: Carbon-14-A Radioactive Clock | p. 103 |
The Cryosphere | p. 108 |
Introduction | p. 108 |
River and Lake Ice, Seasonal Snow Cover, and Permafrost | p. 110 |
Glaciers and Ice Sheets | p. 113 |
Thinking Quantitatively: Movement of Glaciers | p. 115 |
Sea Ice and Climate | p. 117 |
Circulation of the Solid Earth: Plate Tectonics | p. 122 |
Introduction | p. 122 |
Anatomy of Earth | p. 123 |
A Closer Look: The Principle of the Seismograph | p. 126 |
The Theory of Plate Tectonics | p. 130 |
Plates and Plate Boundaries | p. 135 |
A Closer Look: Deep-Sea Life at Mid-Ocean Ridge Vents | p. 139 |
The Physiology of the Solid Earth: What Drives Plate Tectonics? | p. 142 |
A Closer Look: Radiometric Age Dating of Geological Materials | p. 142 |
Recycling of the Lithosphere: The Rock Cycle | p. 144 |
Plate Tectonics through Earth History | p. 146 |
Recycling of the Elements: Carbon and Nutrient Cycles | p. 149 |
Systems Approach to the Carbon Cycle | p. 149 |
Useful Concepts: The Concept of the Mole | p. 153 |
The Short-Term Organic Carbon Cycle | p. 154 |
A Closer Look: Oxygen Minimum Zone | p. 156 |
The Long-Term Organic Carbon Cycle | p. 159 |
The Inorganic Carbon Cycle | p. 162 |
Useful Concepts: pH | p. 164 |
The Carbonate-Silicate Geochemical Cycle | p. 168 |
A Closer Look: Biological Enhancement of Chemical Weathering | p. 169 |
Links between the Organic and Inoganic Carbon Cycle | p. 170 |
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycles | p. 170 |
Focus on the Biota: Metabolism, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity | p. 176 |
Life on Earth | p. 176 |
Structure of the Biosphere | p. 178 |
Ecosystems | p. 178 |
A Closer Look: Physiological versus Ecological Optima for Growth | p. 181 |
Biodiversity | p. 186 |
Diversity of Interactions | p. 187 |
Origin of Earth and of Life | p. 190 |
Introduction | p. 190 |
A Closer Look: Determining the Age of Earth | p. 191 |
Formation of the Solar System | p. 192 |
A Closer Look: Main-Sequence Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | p. 195 |
Formation of the Atmosphere and Ocean | p. 197 |
A Closer Look: The Nice Model of Solar System Formation | p. 198 |
The Origin of Life | p. 199 |
A Closer Look: Oxidation of the Atmosphere by Escape of Hydrogen | p. 200 |
A Closer Look: Probiotic O2 Concentrations | p. 201 |
A Closer Look: What Does It Mean to Be Alive? | p. 202 |
A Closer Look: The Compounds of Life | p. 203 |
Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone | p. 210 |
Introduction | p. 210 |
Effect of Life on the Early Atmosphere | p. 211 |
The Rise of Oxygen | p. 214 |
Useful Concepts: Oxidations States of Iron | p. 217 |
A Closer Look: Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotope Ratios and What They Tell US about the Rise of Atmospheric O2 | p. 220 |
The Rise of Ozone | p. 222 |
Variations in Atmospheric O2 Over the Last 2 Billion Years | p. 223 |
Thinking Quantitatively: Carbon Isotopes and Organic Carbon Burial | p. 226 |
Modern Controls on Atmospheric O2 | p. 228 |
Long-Term Climate Regulation | p. 233 |
Introduction | p. 233 |
The Faint Young Sun Paradox Revisited | p. 234 |
The Long-Term Climate Record | p. 240 |
Thinking Quantitatively: Energy Balance Modeling of the Snowball Earth | p. 246 |
A Closer Look: How Did Life Survive the Snowball Earth? | p. 247 |
Variations in Atmospheric CO2 and Climate During the Phanerozoic | p. 248 |
Biodiversity through Earth History | p. 255 |
The Fossil Record of Biodiversity | p. 255 |
Useful Concepts: Taxonomy | p. 257 |
The Creataceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction | p. 261 |
A Closer Look: The K-T Strangelove Ocean | p. 267 |
Extraterrestrial Influences and Extinction | p. 268 |
Pleistocene Glaciations | p. 272 |
Geologic Evidence of Pleistocene Glaciation | p. 273 |
Milankovitch Cycles | p. 276 |
Thinking Quantitatively: Kepler's Laws | p. 277 |
Thinking Quantitatively: Effect of the Sun and Moon on Earth's Obliquity and Precession | p. 279 |
Glacial Climate Feedbacks | p. 281 |
A Closer Look: Stochastic Resonance and Rapid Climate Change | p. 291 |
Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate | p. 295 |
Introduction | p. 295 |
Holocene Climate Change | p. 296 |
Carbon Reservoirs and Fluxes | p. 303 |
CO2 Removal Processes and Time Scales | p. 306 |
A Closer Look: The Chemistry of CO2 Uptake | p. 308 |
Projections of Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations and Climate | p. 309 |
A Closer Look: Three-Dimensional General Circulation Models (GCMs) | p. 314 |
A Closer Look: Long-Term CO2 Projections | p. 317 |
Global Warming, Part 2: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation | p. 321 |
Introduction | p. 321 |
Changes in Sea Level | p. 322 |
Effects on Ecosystems | p. 325 |
Human Impacts of Global Warming | p. 326 |
Adapting to Global Warming | p. 327 |
Policies to Slow Global Warming | p. 329 |
Economic Consequences of Global Warming | p. 333 |
Oxone Depletion | p. 340 |
Introduction | p. 340 |
Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Biological Effects | p. 340 |
Ozone Vertical Distribution and Column Depth | p. 343 |
The Chapman Mechanism | p. 344 |
Catalytic Cycles of Nitrogen, Chlorine, and Bromine | p. 346 |
Sources and Sinks of Ozone-Depleting Compounds | p. 347 |
The Antarctic Ozone Hole | p. 350 |
A Closer Look: How the Link between Freons and Ozone Depletion Was Discovered | p. 351 |
Evidence of Midlatitude Ozone Depletion | p. 354 |
Mechanisms for Halting Ozone Depltion | p. 356 |
Human Threats to Biodiversity | p. 361 |
Introduction | p. 361 |
The Modern Extinction | p. 363 |
A Closer Look: Other Consequences of Tropical Deforestation | p. 367 |
Why We Should Care about Biodiversity | p. 373 |
Climate Stability on Earth and Earthlike Planets | p. 379 |
Introduction | p. 379 |
Climate Evolution in the Distant Future | p. 380 |
Climate Evolution on Venus and Mars | p. 381 |
A Closer Look: A Geoengineering Solution to Earth's Future Climate Problems | p. 382 |
Habitable Planets around Other Stars | p. 384 |
The Drake Equation | p. 387 |
Ensuring Our Long-Term Survival | p. 392 |
p. 395 | |
p. 396 | |
p. 397 | |
p. 398 | |
Glossary | p. 399 |
Index | p. 409 |
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