EARTH/PEOPLES AP 3ED

by Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman

• ISBN13: 9780618427703
• ISBN10: 0618427708
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-04-13
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Maps	xviii
Environment and Technology	xx
Diversity and Dominance	xx
Document-Based Questions	xxi
Preface	xxiii
About the Authors	xxviii
Note on Spelling and Usage	xxix
PART ONE The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 B.C.E.	1	(88)
From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations, 8000--1500 B.C.E.	4	(32)
Before Civilization	6	(8)
Food Gathering and Stone Technology	6	(1)
The Agricultural Revolutions	7	(4)
Life in Neolithic Communities	11	(3)
Mesopotamia	14	(9)
Settled Agriculture in an Unstable Landscape	14	(2)
Cities, Kings, and Trade	16	(1)
Mesopotamian Society	17	(1)
Gods, Priests, and Temples	18	(1)
Technology and Science	19	(4)
Egypt	23	(6)
The Land of Egypt: ``Gift of the Nile''	23	(2)
Divine Kingship	25	(1)
Administration and Communication	25	(2)
The People of Egypt	27	(1)
Belief and Knowledge	27	(2)
The Indus Valley Civilization	29	(7)
Natural Environment	30	(1)
Material Culture	30	(1)
Transformation of the Indus Valley Civilization	31	(2)
Conclusion	33	(1)
Key Terms	34	(1)
Suggested Reading	34	(1)
Notes	35
Environment and Technology: Environmental Stress in the Indus Valley	32
Diversity and Dominance: Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year's Festival	20	(15)
Document-Based Question: Early Civilizations and the Physical Environment	35	(1)
New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200--250 B.C.E.	36	(23)
Early China, 2000--221 B.C.E.	38	(10)
Geography and Resources	38	(2)
The Shang Period, 1750--1027 B.C.E.	40	(2)
The Zhou Period, 1027--221 B.C.E.	42	(3)
Confucianism, Daoism, and Chinese Society	45	(3)
Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.--350 C.E.	48	(3)
Early Cultures and Egyptian Domination, 2300--1100 B.C.E.	49	(1)
The Kingdom of Meroe, 800 B.C.E.--350 C.E.	50	(1)
First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin, 1200--250 B.C.E.	51	(8)
The Mesoamerican Olmec, 1200--400 B.C.E.	52	(2)
Early South American Civilization: Chavin, 900--250 B.C.E.	54	(2)
Conclusion	56	(1)
Key Terms	57	(1)
Suggested Reading	57	(1)
Notes	57
Environment and Technology: Divination in Ancient Societies	42	(4)
Diversity and Dominance: Hierarchy and Conduct in the Analects of Confucius	46	(12)
Document-Based Question: Social Status in Early Complex Societies	58	(1)
The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000--500 B.C.E.	59	(30)
The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700--1100 B.C.E.	62	(4)
Western Asia	62	(1)
New Kingdom Egypt	63	(2)
Commerce and Communication	65	(1)
The Aegean World, 2000--1100 B.C.E.	66	(5)
Minoan Crete	66	(1)
Mycenaean Greece	67	(3)
The Fall of Late Bronze Age Civilizations	70	(1)
The Assyrian Empire, 911--612 B.C.E.	71	(3)
God and King	71	(1)
Conquest and Control	72	(1)
Assyrian Society and Culture	73	(1)
Israel, 2000--500 B.C.E.	74	(6)
Origins, Exodus, and Settlement	74	(2)
Rise of the Monarchy	76	(1)
Fragmentation and Dispersal	77	(3)
Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200--500 B.C.E.	80	(5)
The Phoenician City-States	80	(1)
Expansion into the Mediterranean	81	(1)
Carthage's Commercial Empire	81	(3)
War and Religion	84	(1)
Failure and Transformation, 750--550 B.C.E.	85	(4)
Conclusion	86	(1)
Key Terms	86	(1)
Suggested Reading	86
Environment and Technology: Ancient Textiles and Dyes	82
Diversity and Dominance: An Israelite Prophet Chastizes the Ruling Class	78	(10)
Document-Based Question: The Power of the Ruling Class in Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Israel	88	(1)
PART TWO The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 B.C.E.--600 C.E.	89	(104)
Greece and Iran, 1000--30 B.C.E.	92	(31)
Ancient Iran, 1000--500 B.C.E.	93	(6)
Geography and Resources	94	(2)
The Rise of the Persian Empire	96	(1)
Imperial Organization and Ideology	97	(2)
The Rise of the Greeks, 1000--500 B.C.E.	99	(12)
Geography and Resources	99	(3)
The Emergence of the Polis	102	(6)
New Intellectual Currents	108	(1)
Athens and Sparta	109	(2)
The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546--323 B.C.E.	111	(5)
Early Encounters	111	(1)
The Height of Athenian Power	111	(3)
Inequality in Classical Greece	114	(1)
Failure of the City-State and Triumph of the Macedonians	115	(1)
The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323--30 B.C.E.	116	(7)
Conclusion	119	(1)
Key Terms	120	(1)
Suggested Reading	121	(1)
Notes	122
Environment and Technology: The Farmer's Year	104
Diversity and Dominance: The Persian Idea of Kingship	100	(22)
Document-Based Question: Power and Authority in Iran and Greece	122	(1)
An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.--600 C.E.	123	(27)
Rome's Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.--600 C.E.	124	(15)
A Republic of Farmers, 753--31 B.C.E.	125	(3)
Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean	128	(1)
The Failure of the Republic	129	(3)
The Roman Principate, 31 B.C.E.--330 C.E.	132	(1)
An Urban Empire	133	(1)
The Rise of Christianity	134	(1)
Technology and Transformation	135	(3)
Byzantines and Germans	138	(1)
The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.--220 C.E.	139	(7)
Resources and Population	139	(2)
Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief	141	(1)
The First Chinese Empire, 221--207 B.C.E.	142	(1)
The Long Reign of the Han, 206 B.C.E.--220 C.E.	143	(2)
Technology and Trade	145	(1)
Decline of the Han Empire	145	(1)
Imperial Parallels	146	(4)
Conclusion	147	(1)
Key Terms	148	(1)
Suggested Reading	148	(1)
Notes	149
Environment and Technology: Water Engineering in Rome and China	137
Diversity and Dominance: The Treatment of Slaves in Rome and China	130	(19)
Document-Based Question: Economic Development in the Roman and Han Empires	149	(1)
India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.--600 C.E.	150	(23)
Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 B.C.E.--300 C.E.	152	(8)
The Indian Subcontinent	152	(1)
The Vedic Age	152	(3)
Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism and Buddhism	155	(2)
The Rise of Hinduism	157	(3)
Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 B.C.E.--650 C.E.	160	(5)
The Mauryan Empire, 324--184 B.C.E.	160	(1)
Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation	161	(1)
The Gupta Empire, 320--550 C.E.	162	(3)
Southeast Asia, 50--600 C.E.	165	(8)
Conclusion	169	(1)
Key Terms	170	(1)
Suggested Reading	170	(1)
Notes	171
Environment and Technology: Indian Mathematics	164	(2)
Diversity and Dominance: The Situation of Women in the Kama Sutra	166	(6)
Document-Based Question: Religion and Society in Ancient India	172	(1)
Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 B.C.E.--600 C.E.	173	(20)
The Silk Road	174	(4)
Origins and Operations	175	(1)
The Sasanid Empire, 224--600	176	(2)
The Impact of the Silk Road	178	(1)
The Indian Ocean Maritime System	178	(4)
Origins of Contact and Trade	179	(1)
The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade	179	(3)
Routes Across the Sahara	182	(3)
Early Saharan Cultures	182	(3)
Trade Across the Sahara	185	(1)
Sub-Saharan Africa	185	(3)
A Challenging Geography	185	(1)
The Development of Cultural Unity	185	(2)
African Cultural Characteristics	187	(1)
The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations	187	(1)
The Spread of Ideas	188	(5)
Ideas and Material Evidence	188	(1)
The Spread of Buddhism	189	(1)
The Spread of Christianity	189	(1)
Conclusion	190	(1)
Key Terms	191	(1)
Suggested Reading	191	(1)
Notes	192
Environment and Technology: Camel Saddles	186
Diversity and Dominance: The Indian Ocean Trading World	180	(12)
Document-Based Question: Indian Ocean and Silk Road Trade Before 1100 C.E.	192	(1)
PART THREE Competition Among Cultural Communities, 600--1200	193	(98)
The Rise of Islam, 600--1200	196	(22)
The Origins of Islam	197	(5)
The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad	198	(1)
Muhammad in Mecca	199	(2)
The Formation of the Umma	201	(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632--1258	202	(6)
The Islamic Conquests, 634--711	202	(1)
The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661--850	203	(1)
Political Fragmentation, 850--1050	204	(3)
Assault from Within and Without, 1050--1258	207	(1)
Islamic Civilization	208	(10)
Law and Dogma	208	(1)
Converts and Cities	209	(1)
Islam, Women, and Slaves	210
The Recentering of Islam	209	(6)
Conclusion	215	(1)
Key Terms	216	(1)
Suggested Reading	216	(1)
Notes	217
Environment and Technology: Automata	214
Diversity and Dominance: Beggars, Con Men, and Singing-girls	212	(5)
Document-Based Question: Moral and Social Behavior in the Islamic World Before 1250	217	(1)
Christian Europe Emerges, 600--1200	218	(25)
The Byzantine Empire, 600--1200	219	(4)
An Empire Beleaguered	220	(1)
Society and Urban Life	221	(2)
Cultural Achievements	223	(1)
Early Medieval Europe, 600--1000	223	(5)
A Time of Insecurity	223	(1)
A Self-Sufficient Economy	224	(1)
Early Medieval Society in the West	225	(3)
The Western Church	228	(3)
Politics and the Church	229	(1)
Monasticism	230	(1)
Kievan Russia, 900--1200	231	(3)
The Rise of the Kievan State	231	(3)
Society and Culture	234	(1)
Western Europe Revives, 1000--1200	234	(3)
The Role of Technology	236	(1)
Cities and the Rebirth of Trade	236	(1)
The Crusades, 1095--1204	237	(6)
The Roots of the Crusades	237	(2)
The Impact of the Crusades	239	(1)
Conclusion	240	(1)
Key Terms	240	(1)
Suggested Reading	241	(1)
Notes	241
Environment and Technology: Cathedral Organs	233
Diversity and Dominance: Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg and the Christianization of the Scandinavians and Slaves	226	(16)
Document-Based Question: Religion and Politics in Early Christian Europe	242	(1)
Inner and East Asia, 600--1200	243	(24)
The Early Tang Empires, 618--755	245	(6)
Tang Origins	245	(1)
Buddhism and the Tang Empire	246	(1)
To Chang'an by Land and Sea	247	(3)
Trade and Cultural Exchange	250	(1)
Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600--907	251	(3)
The Uighur and Tibetan Empires	251	(1)
Upheavals and Repression, 750--879	252	(1)
The End of the Tang Empire, 879--907	253	(1)
The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200	254	(7)
The Liao and Jin Challenge	254	(1)
Song Industries	255	(3)
Economy and Society in Song China	258	(3)
New Kingdoms in East Asia	261	(6)
Korea	261	(1)
Japan	261	(2)
Vietnam	263	(1)
Conclusion	264	(1)
Key Terms	264	(1)
Suggested Reading	265	(1)
Notes	265
Environment and Technology: Writing in East Asia, 600--1200	262
Diversity and Dominance: Law and Society in Tang China	248	(18)
Document-Based Question: Women in Tang and Song China	266	(1)
Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 600--1500	267	(24)
Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 600--900	269	(5)
Teotihuacan	270	(1)
The Maya	270	(4)
The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900--1500	274	(3)
The Toltecs	274	(1)
The Aztecs	275	(2)
Northern Peoples	277	(4)
Southwestern Desert Cultures	277	(3)
Mound Builders: The Mississippian Cultures	280	(1)
Andean Civilizations, 600--1500
Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge	281	(2)
Moche	283	(1)
Tiwanaku and Wari	284	(2)
The Inca	286	(2)
Conclusion	288	(1)
Key Terms	289	(1)
Suggested Reading	289	(1)
Notes	290
Environment and Technology: Inca Roads	287
Diversity and Dominance: Burials as Historical Texts	284	(6)
Document-Based Question: Rituals in Mesoamerican and Andean Societies	290	(1)
PART FOUR Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200--1550	291	(110)
Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200--1500	294	(30)
The Rise of the Mongols, 1200--1260	295	(7)
Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia	296	(1)
The Mongol Conquests, 1215--1283	296	(6)
Overland Trade and the Plague	302	(1)
The Mongols and Islam, 1260--1500	302	(5)
Mongol Rivalry	303	(1)
Islam and the State	303	(1)
Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia	304	(3)
Regional Responses in Western Eurasia	307	(2)
Russia and Rule from Afar	307	(1)
New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia	308	(1)
Mongol Domination in China, 1271--1368	309	(3)
The Yuan Empire, 1279--1368	310	(1)
Cultural and Scientific Exchange	311	(1)
The Fall of the Yuan Empire	312	(1)
The Early Ming Empire, 1368--1500	312	(5)
Ming China on a Mongol Foundation	312	(2)
Technology and Population	314	(1)
The Ming Achievement	314	(3)
Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1200--1500	317	(7)
Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, 1231--1500	317	(1)
Political Transformation in Japan, 1274--1500	318	(3)
The Emergence of Vietnam, 1200--1500	321	(1)
Conclusion	321	(1)
Key Terms	322	(1)
Suggested Reading	322	(1)
Notes	323
Environment and Technology: From Gunpowder to Guns	316
Diversity and Dominance: Mongol Politics, Mongol Women	298	(25)
Document-Based Question: The Integration of Mongol Eurasia	323	(1)
Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200--1500	324	(25)
Tropical Lands and Peoples	325	(5)
The Tropical Environment	325	(2)
Human Ecosystems	327	(1)
Water Systems and Irrigation	328	(1)
Mineral Resources	329	(1)
New Islamic Empires	330	(8)
Mali in the Western Sudan	330	(3)
The Delhi Sultanate in India	333	(5)
Indian Ocean Trade	338	(5)
Monsoon Mariners	338	(1)
Africa: The Swahili and Zimbabwe	339	(3)
Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea	342	(1)
India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast	342	(1)
Southeast Asia: The Rise of Malacca	343	(1)
Social and Cultural Change	343	(6)
Architecture, Learning, and Religion	343	(2)
Social and Gender Distinctions	345	(2)
Conclusion	347	(1)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Suggested Reading	347	(1)
Notes	348
Environment and Technology: The Indian Ocean Dhow	340
Diversity and Dominance: Personal Styles of Rule in India and Mali	334	(14)
Document-Based Question: Environment and Culture in Tropical Africa, 1200--1500	348	(1)
The Latin West, 1200--1500	349	(26)
Rural Growth and Crisis	351	(5)
Peasants and Population	352	(1)
The Black Death and Social Change	353	(2)
Mines and Mills	355	(1)
Urban Revival	356	(8)
Trading Cities	356	(2)
Civic Life	358	(4)
Gothic Cathedrals	362	(2)
Learning, Literature, and the Renaissance	364	(4)
Universities and Learning	364	(1)
Humanists and Printers	365	(2)
Renaissance Artists	367	(1)
Political and Military Transformations	368	(7)
Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy	368	(3)
The Hundred Years War, 1337--1453	371	(1)
New Monarchies in France and England	371	(1)
Iberian Unification	372	(1)
Conclusion	373	(1)
Key Terms	373	(1)
Suggested Reading	373	(1)
Notes	374
Environment and Technology: The Clock	363
Diversity and Dominance: Persecution and Protection of Jews, 1272--1349	360	(14)
Document-Based Question: Religion and Society in the Latin West, 1200--1500	374	(1)
The Maritime Revolution, to 1550	375	(26)
Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450	376	(6)
The Pacific Ocean	377	(2)
The Indian Ocean	379	(2)
The Atlantic Ocean	381	(1)
European Expansion, 1400--1550	382	(7)
Motives for Exploration	383	(1)
Portuguese Voyages	383	(3)
Spanish Voyages	386	(3)
Encounters with Europe, 1450--1550	389	(12)
Western Africa	389	(2)
Eastern Africa	391	(1)
Indian Ocean States	391	(2)
The Americas	393	(5)
Patterns of Dominance	398	(1)
Conclusion	399	(1)
Key Terms	399	(1)
Suggested Reading	399	(1)
Notes	400
Environment and Technology: Vasco da Gama's Fleet	387	(9)
Diversity and Dominance: Kongo's Christian King	396	(4)
Document-Based Question: Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World	400	(1)
PART FIVE The Globe Encompassed, 1500--1750	401	(136)
Transformations in Europe, 1500--1750	404	(26)
Culture and Ideas	405	(7)
Religious Reformation	406	(3)
Traditional Thinking and Witch-Hunts	409	(1)
The Scientific Revolution	410	(2)
The Early Enlightenment	412	(1)
Social and Economic Life	412	(6)
The Bourgeoisie	412	(4)
Peasants and Laborers	416	(1)
Women and the Family	417	(1)
Political Innovations	418	(12)
State Development	418	(1)
Religious Policies	419	(3)
Monarchies in England and France	422	(1)
Warfare and Diplomacy	423	(2)
Paying the Piper	425	(2)
Conclusion	427	(1)
Key Terms	428	(1)
Suggested Reading	428	(1)
Notes	428
Environment and Technology: Mapping the World	414	(6)
Diversity and Dominance: Political Craft and Craftiness	420	(9)
Document-Based Question: Political Change in Early Modern Western Europe	429	(1)
The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530--1770	430	(27)
The Columbian Exchange	431	(3)
Demographic Changes	432	(1)
Transfer of Plants and Animals	432	(2)
Spanish America and Brazil	434	(11)
State and Church	434	(3)
Colonial Economies	437	(3)
Society in Colonial Latin America	440	(5)
English and French Colonies in North America	445	(7)
Early English Experiments	445	(1)
The South	445	(2)
New England	447	(2)
The Middle Atlantic Region	449	(1)
French America	450	(2)
Colonial Expansion and Conflict	452	(5)
Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil	452	(2)
Reform and Reorganization in British America	454	(1)
Conclusion	454	(1)
Key Terms	455	(1)
Suggested Reading	455	(1)
Notes	455
Environment and Technology: A Silver Refinery at Potosi, Bolivia, 1700	438	(4)
Diversity and Dominance: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy	442	(14)
Document-Based Question: Diversity in American Colonial Societies	456	(1)
The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550--1800	457	(27)
Plantations in the West Indies	459	(2)
Colonization Before 1650	459	(1)
Sugar and Slaves	460	(1)
Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century	461	(7)
Technology and Environment	462	(1)
Slaves' Lives	463	(3)
Free Whites and Free Blacks	466	(2)
Creating the Atlantic Economy	468	(5)
Capitalism and Mercantilism	468	(1)
The Atlantic Circuit	469	(4)
Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam	473	(11)
The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast	473	(2)
The Bight of Biafra and Angola	475	(1)
Africa's European and Islamic Contacts	476	(5)
Conclusion	481	(1)
Key Terms	481	(1)
Suggested Reading	482	(1)
Notes	482
Environment and Technology: Amerindian Foods in Africa	464	(14)
Diversity and Dominance: Slavery in West Africa and the Americas	478	(5)
Document-Based Question: The Economics of Atlantic Slavery	483	(1)
Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500--1750	484	(26)
The Ottoman Empire, to 1750	485	(10)
Expansion and Frontiers	486	(3)
Central Institutions	489	(2)
Crisis of the Military State, 1585--1650	491	(1)
Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650--1750	491	(4)
The Safavid Empire, 1502--1722	495	(5)
The Rise of the Safavids	496	(1)
Society and Religion	496	(1)
A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul	497	(2)
Economic Crisis and Political Collapse	499	(1)
The Mughal Empire, 1526--1761	500	(3)
Political Foundations	500	(1)
Hindus and Muslims	501	(2)
Central Decay and Regional Challenges, 1707--1761	503	(1)
Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean, 1600--1729	503	(7)
Muslims in the East Indies	504	(1)
Muslims in East Africa	504	(3)
Conclusion	507	(1)
Key Terms	507	(1)
Suggested Reading	508	(1)
Notes	508
Environment and Technology: Metal Currency and Inflation	494
Diversity and Dominance: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule	492	(17)
Document-Based Question: Islam and Society in the Ottoman Empire	509	(1)
Northern Eurasia, 1500--1800	510	(27)
Japanese Reunification	511	(5)
Civil War and the Invasion of Korea, 1500--1603	511	(1)
The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800	512	(1)
Japan and the Europeans	513	(2)
Elite Decline and Social Crisis	515	(1)
The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires	516	(9)
The Ming Empire, 1500--1644	517	(1)
Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing	518	(1)
Trading Companies and Missionaries	518	(1)
Emperor Kangxi (r. 1662--1722)	519	(4)
Chinese Influences on Europe	523	(1)
Tea and Diplomacy	524	(1)
Population and Social Stress	524	(1)
The Russian Empire	525	(6)
The Drive Across Northern Asia	526	(1)
Russian Society and Politics to 1725	527	(2)
Peter the Great	529	(2)
Consolidation of the Empire	531	(1)
Comparative Perspectives	531	(6)
Political Comparisons	532	(1)
Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons	532	(1)
Conclusion	533	(1)
Key Terms	534	(1)
Suggested Reading	534	(1)
Notes	534
Environment and Technology: East Asian Porcelain	514	(6)
Diversity and Dominance: Gendered Violence: The Yangzhou Massacre	520	(15)
Document-Based Question: Cultural Interaction in Northern Eurasia, 1500--1800	535	(2)
PART SIX Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750--1870	537	(140)
Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750--1850	540	(28)
Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis	542	(5)
Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises	542	(1)
The Enlightenment and the Old Order	542	(4)
Folk Cultures and Popular Protest	546	(1)
The American Revolution, 1775--1800	547	(5)
Frontiers and Taxes	547	(2)
The Course of Revolution, 1775--1783	549	(2)
The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800	551	(1)
The French Revolution, 1789--1815	552	(9)
French Society and Fiscal Crisis	552	(1)
Protest Turns to Revolution, 1789--1792	553	(2)
The Terror, 1793--1794	555	(2)
Reaction and Dictatorship, 1795--1815	557	(4)
Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789--1850	561	(7)
The Haitian Revolution, 1789--1804	561	(2)
The Congress of Vienna and Conservative Retrenchment, 1815--1820	563	(1)
Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 1821--1850	564	(1)
Conclusion	565	(1)
Key Terms	566	(1)
Suggested Reading	566	(1)
Notes	567
Environment and Technology: The Pencil	544	(14)
Diversity and Dominance: Robespierre and Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Terror	558	(9)
Document-Based Question: Revolutionary Ideas in the Americas and France	567	(1)
The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760--1851	568	(24)
Causes of the Industrial Revolution	569	(5)
Population Growth	569	(1)
The Agricultural Revolution	570	(1)
Trade and Inventiveness	570	(1)
Britain and Continental Europe	571	(3)
The Technological Revolution	574	(8)
Mass Production: Pottery	574	(1)
Mechanization: The Cotton Industry	575	(1)
The Iron Industry	576	(2)
The Steam Engine	578	(2)
Railroads	580	(1)
Communication over Wires	580	(2)
The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution	582	(5)
The New Industrial Cities	582	(2)
Rural Environments	584	(1)
Working Conditions	584	(2)
Changes in Society	586	(1)
New Economic and Political Ideas	587	(2)
Laissez Faire and Its Critics	587	(1)
Positivists and Utopian Socialists	588	(1)
Protests and Reforms	588	(1)
Industrialization and the Nonindustrial World	589	(3)
Conclusion	590	(1)
Key Terms	590	(1)
Suggested Reading	591	(1)
Notes	591
Environment and Technology: The Origin of Graphs	573	(3)
Diversity and Dominance: Adam Smith and the Division of Labor	576	(15)
Document-Based Question: Early Industrialization in Western Europe	591	(1)
Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800--1890	592	(31)
Independence in Latin America, 1800--1830	593	(6)
Roots of Revolution, to 1810	594	(1)
Spanish South America, 1810--1825	594	(3)
Mexico, 1810--1823	597	(1)
Brazil, to 1831	598	(1)
The Problem of Order, 1825--1890	599	(11)
Constitutional Experiments	599	(3)
Personalist Leaders	602	(2)
The Threat of Regionalism	604	(2)
Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars	606	(1)
Native Peoples and the Nation-State	607	(3)
The Challenge of Social and Economic Change	610	(13)
The Abolition of Slavery	610	(2)
Immigration	612	(2)
American Cultures	614	(1)
Women's Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice	615	(1)
Development and Underdevelopment	616	(3)
Altered Environments	619	(1)
Conclusion	620	(1)
Key Terms	621	(1)
Suggested Reading	621	(1)
Notes	622
Environment and Technology: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina	618
Diversity and Dominance: The Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828	600	(22)
Document-Based Question: Race and Ethnicity in the Americas, 1800--1890	622	(1)
Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750--1870	623	(27)
Changes and Exchanges in Africa	624	(9)
New Africa States	625	(3)
Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia	628	(1)
European Penetration	629	(1)
Abolition and Legitimate Trade	630	(2)
Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa	632	(1)
India Under British Rule	633	(8)
Company Men	633	(1)
Raj and Rebellion, 1818--1857	634	(2)
Political Reform and Industrial Impact	636	(4)
Rising Indian Nationalism	640	(1)
Britain's Eastern Empire	641	(9)
Colonies and Commerce	641	(2)
Imperial Policies and Shipping	643	(1)
Colonization of Australia and New Zealand	644	(2)
New Labor Migrations	646	(1)
Conclusion	647	(1)
Key Terms	648	(1)
Suggested Reading	648	(1)
Notes	649
Environment and Technology: Whaling	645
Diversity and Dominance: Ceremonials of Imperial Domination	638	(11)
Document-Based Question: British Rule in India	649	(1)
Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800--1870	650	(27)
The Ottoman Empire	651	(12)
Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798--1840	652	(1)
Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807--1853	653	(6)
The Crimean War and Its Aftermath, 1853--1877	659	(4)
The Russian Empire	663	(4)
Russia and Europe	663	(2)
Russia and Asia	665	(1)
Cultural Trends	666	(1)
The Qing Empire	667	(10)
Economic and Social Disorder, 1800--1839	667	(1)
The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839--1850	668	(2)
The Taiping Rebellion, 1850--1864	670	(2)
Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864--1875	672	(3)
Conclusion	675	(1)
Key Terms	675	(1)
Suggested Reading	675
Environment and Technology: The Web of War	662
Diversity and Dominance: The French Occupation of Egypt	654	(22)
Document-Based Question: Europe and the Ottoman Empire	676	(1)
PART SEVEN Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850--1945	677	(140)
The New Power Balance, 1850--1900	680	(27)
New Technologies and the World Economy	681	(4)
Railroads	681	(1)
Steamships and Telegraph Cables	682	(1)
The Steel and Chemical Industries	682	(2)
Electricity	684	(1)
World Trade and Finance	684	(1)
Social Changes	685	(5)
Population and Migrations	685	(2)
Urbanization and Urban Environments	687	(1)
Middle-Class Women's ``Separate Sphere''	688	(1)
Working-Class Women	689	(1)
Socialism and Labor Movements	690	(1)
Marx and Socialism	690	(1)
Labor Movements	691	(1)
Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy	691	(7)
Language and National Identity Before 1871	691	(3)
The Unification of Italy, 1860--1870	694	(1)
The Unification of Germany, 1866--1871	694	(2)
Nationalism After 1871	696	(2)
The Great Powers of Europe, 1871--1900	698	(2)
Germany at the Center of Europe	698	(1)
The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain	698	(1)
The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary	699	(1)
Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865--1905	700	(7)
China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867	700	(1)
The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 1868--1894	701	(3)
The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894--1905	704	(1)
Conclusion	704	(1)
Key Terms	705	(1)
Suggested Reading	705	(1)
Notes	705
Environment and Technology: Railroads and Immigration	686	(6)
Diversity and Dominance: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and the Bourgeoisie	692	(14)
Document-Based Question: Class and Gender in the Late Nineteenth Century	706	(1)
The New Imperialism, 1869--1914	707	(28)
The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods	708	(5)
Political Motives	710	(1)
Cultural Motives	710	(1)
Economic Motives	710	(1)
The Tools of the Imperialists	711	(2)
Colonial Agents and Administration	713	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	713	(9)
Egypt	714	(1)
Western and Equatorial Africa	714	(3)
Southern Africa	717	(1)
Political and Social Consequences	718	(1)
Cultural Responses	719	(3)
Asia and Western Dominance	722	(5)
Central Asia	722	(1)
Southeast Asia and Indonesia	722	(3)
Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878--1902	725	(2)
Imperialism in Latin America	727	(3)
Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade	727	(2)
American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898	729	(1)
American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901--1914	729	(1)
The World Economy and the Global Environment	730	(5)
Expansion of the World Economy	730	(1)
Transformation of the Global Environment	730	(2)
Conclusion	732	(1)
Key Terms	732	(1)
Suggested Reading	733	(1)
Notes	733
Environment and Technology: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology	726
Diversity and Dominance: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans	720	(14)
Document-Based Question: The African Colonial Experience	734	(1)
The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900--1929	735	(30)
Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East	736	(2)
The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans	736	(1)
Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy	737	(1)
The ``Great War'' and the Russian Revolutions, 1914--1918	738	(7)
Stalemate, 1914--1917	740	(1)
The Home Front and the War Economy	741	(2)
The Ottoman Empire at War	743	(1)
Double Revolution in Russia, 1917	744	(1)
The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917--1918	745	(1)
Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919--1929	745	(5)
The Impact of the War	746	(1)
The Peace Treaties	746	(2)
Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy	748	(1)
An Ephemeral Peace	749	(1)
China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies	750	(2)
Social and Economic Change	750	(1)
Revolution and War, 1900--1918	751	(1)
Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919--1929	752	(1)
The New Middle East	752	(5)
The Mandate System	752	(1)
The Rise of Modern Turkey	753	(4)
Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine	757	(1)
Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World	757	(8)
Class and Gender	759	(1)
Revolution in the Sciences	759	(1)
The New Technologies of Modernity	760	(1)
Technology and the Environment	761	(1)
Conclusion	762	(1)
Key Terms	763	(1)
Suggested Reading	763
Environment and Technology: Cities Old and New	758
Diversity and Dominance: The Middle East After World War I	754	(10)
Document-Based Question: Self-Determination in the Middle East After World War I	764	(1)
The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929--1949	765	(28)
The Stalin Revolution	766	(3)
Five-Year Plans	766	(2)
Collectivization of Agriculture	768	(1)
Terror and Opportunities	769	(1)
The Depression	769	(4)
Economic Crisis	769	(3)
Depression in Industrial Nations	772	(1)
Depression in Nonindustrial Regions	773	(1)
The Rise of Fascism	773	(3)
Mussolini's Italy	773	(1)
Hitler's Germany	774	(1)
The Road to War, 1933--1939	775	(1)
East Asia, 1931--1945	776	(3)
The Manchurian Incident of 1931	776	(1)
The Chinese Communists and the Long March	776	(1)
The Sino-Japanese War, 1937--1945	777	(2)
The Second World War	779	(7)
The War of Movement	779	(1)
War in Europe and North Africa	780	(2)
War in Asia and the Pacific	782	(1)
The End of the War	782	(2)
Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory	784	(2)
The Character of Warfare	786	(7)
The War of Science	786	(1)
Bombing Raids	786	(2)
The Holocaust	788	(1)
The Home Front in Europe and Asia	788	(1)
The Home Front in the United States	789	(1)
War and the Environment	790	(1)
Conclusion	790	(1)
Key Terms	790	(1)
Suggested Reading	791
Environment and Technology: Biomedical Technologies	787
Diversity and Dominance: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution	770	(22)
Document-Based Question: The Status of Women in the Mid-Twentieth Century	792	(1)
Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America, 1900--1949	793	(24)
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900--1945	794	(6)
Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes	794	(4)
Religious and Political Changes	798	(2)
The Indian Independence Movement, 1905--1947	800	(7)
The Land and the People	800	(1)
British Rule and Indian Nationalism	801	(2)
Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence	803	(1)
India Moves Toward Independence	804	(2)
Partition and Independence	806	(1)
The Mexican Revolution, 1910--1940	807	(4)
Mexico in 1910	807	(1)
Revolution and Civil War, 1911--1920	808	(1)
The Revolution Institutionalized, 1920--1940	809	(2)
Argentina and Brazil, 1900--1949	811	(6)
The Transformation of Argentina	811	(1)
Brazil and Argentina, to 1929	812	(1)
The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil	813	(1)
Argentina After 1930	813	(2)
Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil: A Comparison	815	(1)
Conclusion	815	(1)
Key Terms	815	(1)
Suggested Reading	815	(1)
Notes	816
Environment and Technology: Gandhi, and Technology	805
Diversity and Dominance: A Vietnamese Nationalist Denounces French Colonialism	796	(20)
Document-Based Question: Nationalism and the Struggle for Independence, 1900--1949	816	(1)
PART EIGHT Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present	817
The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945--1975	820	(27)
The Cold War	821	(9)
The United Nations	822	(1)
Capitalism and Communism	822	(4)
West Versus East in Europe and Korea	826	(2)
United States Defeat in Vietnam	828	(1)
The Race for Nuclear Supremacy	829	(1)
Decolonization and Nation Building	830	(9)
New Nations in South and Southeast Asia	830	(2)
The Struggle for Independence in Africa	832	(3)
The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America	835	(4)
Challenges of Nation Building	839	(1)
Beyond a Bipolar World	839	(8)
The Third World	839	(1)
Japan and China	840	(2)
The Middle East	842	(2)
The Emergence of Environmental Concerns	844	(1)
Conclusion	845	(1)
Key Terms	845	(1)
Suggested Reading	845	(1)
Notes	846
Environment and Technology: The Green Revolution	824	(12)
Diversity and Dominance: Race and the Struggle for Justice in South Africa	836	(10)
Document-Based Question: Identity and Independence in the Cold War Era	846	(1)
Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975--1991	847	(31)
Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975--1991	848	(10)
Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America	849	(3)
Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan	852	(4)
Asian Transformation	856	(1)
China Rejoins the World Economy	857	(1)
The End of the Bipolar World, 1989--1991	858	(4)
Crisis in the Soviet Union	858	(1)
The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc	859	(2)
The Persian Gulf War, 1990--1991	861	(1)
The Challenge of Population Growth	862	(5)
Demographic Transition	862	(1)
The Industrialized Nations	863	(2)
The Developing Nations	865	(1)
Old and Young Populations	865	(2)
Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples	867	(3)
The Problem of Growing Inequality	867	(2)
Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities	869	(1)
Global Migration	870	(1)
Technological and Environmental Change	870	(8)
New Technologies and the World Economy	870	(1)
Conserving and Sharing Resources	871	(4)
Responding to Environmental Threats	875	(1)
Conclusion	875	(1)
Key Terms	876	(1)
Suggested Reading	876	(1)
Notes	877
Environment and Technology: The Personal Computer	872
Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Women's Rights in an Era of Global Political and Economic Change	854	(23)
Document-Based Question: Women's Rights in the Late Twentieth Century	877	(1)
Globalization at the Turn of the Millennium	878
Global Political Economies	880	(9)
The Spread of Democracy	880	(1)
Global Politics	881	(2)
Arms Control and Terrorism	883	(2)
The Global Economy	885	(2)
Managing the Global Economy	887	(2)
Trends and Visions	889	(8)
A New Age?	889	(1)
Christian Millenarianism	890	(2)
Militant Islam	892	(1)
Universal Rights and Values	893	(3)
Women's Rights	896	(1)
Global Culture	897
The Media and the Message	897	(1)
The Spread of Pop Culture	898	(1)
Emerging Global Culture	899	(2)
Enduring Cultural Diversity	901	(3)
Conclusion	904	(1)
Key Terms	904	(1)
Suggested Reading	904	(1)
Notes	905
Environment and Technology: Global Warming	895	(7)
Diversity and Dominance: World Literature in English	902	(3)
Document-Based Question: Global Integration	905
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1