Earthquakes and Water

by Wang, Chi-Yuen; Manga, Michael

• ISBN13: 9783642008092
• ISBN10: 3642008097
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-08-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This series reports on new developments in research and teaching in the entire field of earth sciences. From the focused study of phenomena on the nano and micro-scales to the entire earth system including its early formation, evolution and future status. The series is thoroughly interdisciplinary presenting studies of the litho-, atmo-, hydro- and biospheres and their interactions through the application of the most advanced techniques from geophysics, geochemistry, geomathematics and state of the art geo-computing and visualization. As the name implies the submission of manuscripts based on advanced courses such as collections of lectures and tutorials, course materials for laboratory and field courses and summer schools is encouraged. In addition the series publishes; monographs on advanced topics, technical reports of high quality and broad interest and reports of conferences and workshops, reports on expeditions and surveys, provided they are of exceptional interest and focused on a single topic. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
References	p. 5
Liquefaction	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Observations in the Near Field	p. 9
Laboratory Studies	p. 11
Cyclic Loading Experiments	p. 14
Dissipated Energy for Liquefaction by Undrained Consolidation	p. 15
Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field	p. 15
Seismic Energy Density as a Metric for Liquefaction Distribution	p. 16
Mechanism for Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field	p. 18
Experiment at Wildlife Reserve, California	p. 19
Dependence of Liquefaction on Seismic Frequency	p. 24
Field Observation from Taiwan	p. 24
Laboratory Studies	p. 27
Numerical Models	p. 28
Concluding Remarks	p. 29
References	p. 29
Mud Volcanoes	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Response of Mud Volcanoes to Earthquakes	p. 34
Insights from Triggered Eruptions of Magmatic Volcanoes	p. 35
Mechanisms	p. 37
Static or Dynamic Stresses?	p. 37
Mechanisms for Initiating Eruptions	p. 37
Effect of Earthquakes on Already-Erupting Mud Volcanoes	p. 40
Concluding Remarks	p. 41
References	p. 42
Increased Stream Discharge	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Observations	p. 47
Characteristics of Increased Discharge	p. 48
Recession Analysis	p. 49
Estimate Excess Discharge	p. 51
Proposed Mechanisms	p. 54
Coseismic Elastic Strain	p. 54
Enhanced Permeability	p. 54
Coseimic Consolidation and Liquefaction	p. 55
Debate About Mechanisms	p. 56
Geochemical and Temperature Constraints	p. 56
Constraints from Multiple Earthquakes	p. 57
Constraints from Recession Analysis	p. 58
Constraints from Multiple Stream Gauges	p. 59
Role of Anisotropic Permeability	p. 59
Streamflow Increase in Hydrothermal Areas	p. 61
Concluding Remarks	p. 64
References	p. 64
Groundwater Level Change	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Step-like Changes in the Near Field	p. 70
Observations	p. 70
Causal Mechanisms	p. 73
Sustained Changes in the Intermediate Field	p. 77
Observations	p. 77
Causal Mechanisms	p. 78
Groundwater Oscillations in the Far Field	p. 83
Role of S Waves and Love Waves on Groundwater Oscillations	p. 84
Pore-Pressure Changes on the Sea Floor	p. 87
Postseismic Groundwater Recession	p. 89
Recession Analysis	p. 89
Interpretation of the Postseismic Recession	p. 91
Concluding Remarks	p. 92
References	p. 93
Temperature and Composition Changes	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Earthquake-Induced Change in Groundwater Temperature	p. 98
Hot Springs	p. 98
Wells	p. 99
Marine Hydrothermal Systems	p. 101
Mechanisms	p. 104
Earthquake-Induced Changes in Water Composition	p. 106
Observations	p. 106
Mechanisms	p. 112
Concluding Remarks	p. 113
References	p. 114
Geysers	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Response of Geysers to Earthquakes	p. 117
Response of Geysers to Other Sources of Stress	p. 119
Mechanisms	p. 120
How do Geysers Work?	p. 120
Mechanisms for Altering Eruptions	p. 120
Concluding Remarks	p. 121
References	p. 122
Earthquakes Influenced by Water	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Fluids and Rock Failure	p. 125
Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection and Extraction	p. 127
Reservoir-Induced Seismicity	p. 128
Natural Hydrological Triggering of Earthquakes	p. 130
Earthquake Triggering of Earthquakes via Hydrological Processes	p. 131
Concluding Remarks	p. 135
References	p. 136
Hydrologic Precursors	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
What is a Precursor?	p. 143
Identifying Hydrologic Precursors	p. 143
Examples	p. 145
China: Haicheng, 1975 and Tangshan, 1976	p. 146
Kobe, Japan, 1995	p. 147
Nankaido, Japan, 1946	p. 147
Kettleman Hills, California, 1985	p. 148
Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999	p. 148
Kamchatka, 1992	p. 150
Pyrenees, France, 1996	p. 151
Reservoir Induced Seismicity, Koyna, India	p. 151
Calistoga Geyser, California	p. 154
Precursory Changes in Spring Temperature	p. 154
Outlook	p. 155
References	p. 156
Epilogue	p. 161
A General Framework	p. 161
Directions for Future Research	p. 165
References	p. 167
Appendices	p. 169
Notation	p. 170
Basic Equations for Groundwater Flow	p. 171
Darcy's law	p. 171
Porosity and Permeability	p. 172
Elements in a Groundwater System	p. 174
Driving Potential	p. 174
The Continuum Approach	p. 174
Groundwater Flow Equations	p. 174
Physical Meaning of the Specific Storage	p. 175
Flow Equation for Isotropic Aquifer	p. 175
Calculating Permeability from Tidal Response of Groundwater Level	p. 176
Equation Derivations	p. 177
Groundwater Transport	p. 179
Governing Equations for Heat Transport	p. 179
Relative Significance of Advective Versus Conductive Heat Transport	p. 180
Governing Equations for Solute Transport	p. 180
Relative Significance of Advective Versus Diffusive Solute Transport	p. 182
Hydromechanical Coupling	p. 182
Introduction	p. 182
Effective Stress Principle	p. 183
Poroelasticity and Hydrodynamic Coupling	p. 184
Non-elastic Deformation	p. 187
Deformation Under Cyclic Loading	p. 188
Data for Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes	p. 192
Stream and Spring Responses	p. 192
Groundwater Level Responses	p. 196
Hot Spring Responses	p. 208
Liquefaction Occurrence During Earthquakes	p. 209
Triggered Mud Volcanoes	p. 220
Triggered Earthquakes	p. 221
Index	p. 223
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