The Earthscan Reader on World Transport Policy and Practice

by Whitelegg, John; Haq, Gary

• ISBN13: 9781853838514
• ISBN10: 1853838519
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-05-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

* How to meet the need for development without the detrimental impacts from transport on air quality, climate and land use * An invaluable sourcebook of major contributions to the debate * Essential reading for transport planners, development economists and environmentalists It is becoming increasingly urgent to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, control the spread of new infrastructure and consider the value of life for future generations, the poor and those deprived of human rights by planning systems that place economics above environmental and social justice. This book highlights creative work on world transport policy - a major contributor to environmental and social degradation - and suggests practical initiatives to achieve a reduction in global dependency on cars, lorries and aircraft. It includes international contributions that honestly evaluate the track record of transport planning, engineering and economics, which cut across traditional disciplinary boundaries.

Table of Contents

List of Tables, Figures and Boxes	ix
About the Authors	xiii
Acknowledgements	xx
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	xxii
Foreword by Enrique Peñalosa	xxv
Part 1 Introduction
1 The Global Transport Problem: Same Issues but a Different Place
John Whitelegg and Gary Hag	3	(26)
Introduction	3	(1)
Growth in Demand for Road Transport	4	(4)
Resource Use	8	(4)
Greenhouse Gases	12	(3)
Urban Air Pollution and Noise	15	(2)
Health Impacts of Transport	17	(4)
Road Traffic Accidents	21	(2)
Structure of the Book	23	(6)
Part 2 Transport in Africa
2 Four Decades of Road Transport in Africa
Eddie Akinyemi	29	(6)
3 Liveable Streets for Pedestrians in Nairobi: The Challenge of Road Traffic Accidents
Meleckidzedeck Khayesi	35	(7)
Introduction	35	(1)
The Reality of Pedestrian Deaths and Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents in Nairobi	35	(1)
The Pedestrian in Nairobi: Transport Policy and Practice	36	(3)
Reclaiming the Streets of Nairobi for Pedestrians: A Strategy	39	(1)
Policy Framework	39	(1)
Transport Practice	39	(1)
Conclusion	40	(2)
4 Sustaining Africa's Rural Road Networks: The Asset Management Approach
John Howe	42	(11)
Introduction	42	(1)
Road Conditions	42	(1)
Geography and Population Dynamics	43	(1)
Financial Realities	44	(1)
Too Many Roads?	45	(1)
What Needs to be Done?	45	(1)
Managing Rural Road Networks Using the Asset Value Approach	46	(1)
Kibaale District Road Network	47	(3)
Conclusion	50	(3)
Part 3 Transport in Asia
5 Southeast Asian Urban Transport: A Kaleidoscope of Challenges and Choices
Paul Barter	53	(8)
Jakarta	53	(2)
Bangkok: Traffic Saturated and in Need of Good Governance	55	(1)
Ho Chi Minh: Motorcycle City	55	(1)
Manila	56	(1)
Surabaya: Traffic-free Kampung but Hostile Main Roads	57	(1)
Klang Valley: Kuala Lumpur's Metropolitan Region	58	(1)
Singapore: Deliberately Slowed Motorization Pays Off	59	(1)
Conclusion	59	(2)
6 Automobile Dependence in Bangkok: An International Comparison with Implications for Planning Policies
Jeff Kenworthy	61	(17)
Introduction	61	(1)
Land Use Patterns	62	(1)
Provision for the Automobile	63	(3)
Transport Patterns	66	(5)
Implications of the International Comparisons	71	(3)
Policy Conclusions	74	(2)
A Final Word	76	(2)
7 Kolkata City: An Urban Air Pollution Perspective
Dipankar Chakraborti	78	(10)
Introduction	78	(1)
Kolkata City	78	(1)
Kolkata City Dwellers	79	(1)
Urban Air Pollution in Kolkata	80	(3)
Air Pollution from Transport	83	(2)
Industrial Pollution	85	(1)
Conclusion	86	(2)
8 Road Infrastructure Investment in Bangladesh: Environment under Threat?
John Howe	88	(11)
Introduction	88	(1)
Roads in Bangladesh	89	(1)
Roads and the Environment	89	(3)
Disbenefits from Investment in Roads	92	(2)
Conclusions	94	(5)
Part 4 Transport in Australia
9 Back on Track? Will Australia Return to Rail?
Philip Laird and Peter Newman	99	(6)
10 A Wish Called Wander: Reclaiming Automobility from the Motor Car
Ian Ker and Paul Tranter	105	(9)
Introduction	105	(1)
Is 'Automobility' Bad Language?	106	(1)
Automobility for Whom?	107	(1)
Automobility for Those too Young to Drive	107	(1)
Women and Automobility	108	(1)
Automobility for Motorists? Mobility, Freedom and Unfreedom	109	(1)
Dangers of a High-tech Vision for Automobility	110	(1)
Conclusion	111	(3)
11 Urban Transport Policy Paradoxes in Australia
Paul Mees	114	(11)
Introduction	114	(1)
Summer of Discontent	114	(1)
The Dispersed City	115	(1)
Canadian Contrasts	116	(3)
Developments in the West	119	(1)
Conclusion	120	(5)
Part 5 Transport in Europe
12 European Regional Transport Issues
Frazer Goodwin	125	(14)
13 The Future of Public Transport: The Dangers of Viewing Policy through Rose-tinted Spectacles
Mayer Hillman	139	(7)
Introduction	139	(1)
The Conventional View	139	(1)
Current Patterns of Travel	140	(2)
Lessons from The Netherlands	142	(1)
Investment Decisions in Transport	142	(1)
Discussion	143	(1)
Conclusions	144	(2)
14 New Roads Generate New Traffic
Rudolf Pfleiderer and Martin Dietrich	146	(5)
Introduction	146	(1)
New Roads Generate New Traffic	146	(2)
The Basis of Cost-Benefit Calculations is Nonsense	148	(1)
Road Construction Contributes Significantly to Traffic Increase	149	(1)
Conclusion	149	(2)
15 Car-free Households: Who Lives without an Automobile Today?
Ulrike Reutter and Oscar Reutter	151	(12)
Introduction	151	(1)
How Many Car-free Households are There?	152	(2)
Where are the Car-free Households Located?	154	(1)
Who Currently Lives without a Car?	155	(4)
Conclusion	159	(4)
Part 6 Transport in Latin America
16 Urban Transport in Latin America
Eduardo Vasconcellos	163	(8)
Introduction	163	(1)
Economic Development and Transport	164	(1)
Urban Transport	165	(2)
Urban Development, Space and Environment	167	(1)
Perspectives	168	(3)
17 Car-sharing in Latin America: Examining Prospects in Santiago
Chris Zegras and Ralph Gakenheimer	171	(18)
Introduction	171	(1)
How Might Car-sharing Fit In?	172	(1)
Potential for Application in a Latin American City	173	(2)
Car-sharing: A Potential Market in Santiago?	175	(2)
Can Car-sharing be Competitive?	177	(5)
Barriers to and Potential Drawbacks of a Car-sharing Organization in Santiago	182	(1)
Potential Benefits	183	(1)
Possible Steps Forward	184	(1)
Conclusion	185	(4)
18 The Urban Transportation Crisis in Developing Countries: Alternative Policies for an Equitable Space
Eduardo Vasconcellos	189	(14)
Introduction	189	(1)
The Urban Transportation Crisis in Developing Countries	190	(4)
Alternative Assumptions	194	(4)
Conclusions	198	(5)
Part 7 Transport in North America
19 Regional Transport Issues in North America
Todd Lirman	203	(10)
Introduction	203	(2)
Public Policies that Encourage Mobility	205	(1)
Saturation?	206	(1)
Transportation Problems	207	(3)
Policy Responses	210	(1)
Innovation	211	(1)
Conclusion	212	(1)
20 The North American Growth Fixation and the Inner City: Roads of Excess
Christopher Leo	213	(9)
Introduction	213	(1)
Growth Fixation	213	(2)
Civil Engineering Norms and Development Conventions	215	(1)
Easy Decisions	216	(2)
Alternatives	218	(1)
Unsustainable Development	219	(1)
Conclusion	220	(2)
21 Prospects for Sustainable Transportation in the Pacific Northwest: A Comparison of Vancouver, Seattle and Portland
Preston Schiller and Jeff Kenworthy	222	(17)
Introduction	222	(2)
Comparison of Data for the Three Cities and Regions	224	(6)
Discussion: Policy Climate	230	(4)
Conclusions	234	(5)
Part 8 Transport in the Middle East
22 Transport in the Middle East
Elaine Fletcher	239	(7)
23 How Many Shall Live? How Many Shall Die? Deaths Resulting from the Trans-Israel Highway and Alternatives: A Risk Assessment Revisited
Gary Ginsberg, Eli Ben Michael, Stephen Reingold, Elaine Fletcher and Elihu Richter	246	(13)
Introduction	246	(1)
Method	246	(4)
Results	250	(1)
Discussion	251	(8)
24 The Status of Transportation in the West Bank
Hanna Maoh and Jad Isaac	259	(16)
Introduction	259	(1)
Basic Features of the Vehicle system	260	(4)
The West Bank Road System: The Dual Israeli-Palestinian System	264	(1)
Roads and Access - Wadi Al-Nar as a Case Study	265	(2)
Transport and Land Use in Palestine - Dilemmas and Choices	267	(3)
Conclusion	270	(5)
Part 9 Visioning Change
25 New Directions in World Transport Policy and Practice
John Whitelegg and Gary Haq	275	(22)
Introduction	275	(1)
Dimensions of the Global Tranport Problem	275	(2)
Re-setting the Default Option in Auto-dependent Societies	277	(4)
Re-setting the Default Option: The Details	281	(2)
Land Use Planning to Move Local and Regional Spatial Structures in the Direction of Reducing the Demand for Transport: Full Internalization of External Cost	283	(2)
Re-engineering of Taxation	285	(1)
Re-engineering Cities to Improve Conditions for Pedestrians, Cyclists and Public Transport Users	285	(1)
An End to Direct State Funding of any Aspect of Car/Truck/Aircraft R&D and the Subsidy of Manufacturing Activity	286	(2)
An Ethical Audit of Transport Spending	288	(1)
A Carbon Reduction Strategy for the Transport Sector	289	(2)
New Ways of Conceptualizing the Transport Product	291	(1)
Localization and Truck Kilometre Reduction Strategies	292	(1)
Concluding Remarks	293	(4)
Index	297