Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment: Chemical Effects on Populations, Ecosystems, and Landscapes

by Pastorok; Robert A.

• ISBN13: 9781566705745
• ISBN10: 1566705746
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-10-30
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Expanding the risk assessment toolbox, this book provides a comprehensive and practical evaluation of specific ecological models for potential use in risk assessment. Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment: Chemical Effects on Populations, Ecosystems, and Landscapes goes beyond current risk assessment practices for toxic chemicals as applied to individual-organism endpoints to describe ecological effects models useful at the population, ecosystem, and landscape levels. The authors demonstrate the utility of a set of ecological effects models, eventually leading to less conservative assumptions in risk assessments and more cost-effective data collection.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(22)
Robert A. Pastorok
Objectives	2	(1)
The Process of Ecological Modeling for Chemical Risk Assessment	3	(20)
Limitations of the Hazard Quotient Approach	4	(2)
Role of Ecological Modeling in Chemical Risk Assessment	6	(3)
Deciding When to Use an Ecological Model	9	(1)
Selecting Ecological Models for Application to Specific Risk Assessments	10	(1)
Steps in Ecological Modeling for a Chemical Risk Assessment	11	(12)
Methods	23	(12)
Robert A. Pastorok
H. Resit Akcakaya
Compilation and Review of Models	23	(10)
Compilation and Classification of Models	23	(2)
Definition of General Model Categories	25	(4)
Initial Selection of Models	29	(1)
Detailed Evaluation of Models	29	(4)
Selection of Models for Further Development and Use	33	(2)
Results of the Evaluation of Ecological Models: Introduction	35	(2)
Robert A. Pastorok
Population Models - Scalar Abundance	37	(18)
Scott Ferson
Malthusian Population Growth Models	39	(2)
Logistic Population Growth Model	41	(1)
Stock-Recruitment Population Models	42	(2)
Stochastic Differential Equation Models	44	(1)
Stochastic Discrete-Time Models	45	(2)
Equilibrium Exposure Model	47	(2)
Bioaccumulation and Population Growth Models	49	(2)
Discussion and Recommendations	51	(4)
Population Models - Life History	55	(10)
Steve Carroll
Deterministic Matrix Models (Age or Stage Based)	55	(3)
Stochastic Matrix Models (Age or Stage Based)	58	(1)
RAMAS Age. Stage, Metapop, or Ecotoxicology	58	(1)
Unified Life Model (ULM)	59	(1)
Discussion and Recommendations	60	(5)
Population Models - Individual Based	65	(18)
Helen M. Regan
SIMPDEL	66	(3)
SIMSPAR	69	(1)
CompMech	70	(1)
EcoBeaker	71	(1)
Daphnia Model	72	(1)
CIFSS	73	(1)
WESP and ECOTOOLS	74	(1)
GAPPS	75	(1)
PATCH	76	(1)
NOYELP	77	(1)
Wading Bird Nesting Colony	78	(1)
Discussion and Recommendations	79	(4)
Population Models - Metapopulations	83	(14)
H. Resit Akcakaya
Helen M. Regan
Occupancy Models - Incidence Function	86	(1)
Occupancy Models - State Transition	86	(1)
RAMAS Metapop and RAMAS GIS	87	(2)
VORTEX	89	(1)
ALFISH	90	(1)
ALEX	91	(1)
Meta-X	92	(1)
Discussion and Recommendations	92	(5)
Ecosystem Models - Food Webs	97	(10)
Steve Carroll
Predator-Prey Models	99	(1)
Population-Dynamic Food-Chain Models	100	(1)
RAMAS Ecosystem	101	(1)
Populus	102	(1)
Ecotox	102	(1)
Discussion and Recommendations	103	(4)
Ecosystem Models - Aquatic	107	(22)
Steven M. Bartell
Transfer of Impacts between Trophic Levels	110	(1)
AQUATOX	111	(1)
ASTER/EOLE (MELODIA)	112	(1)
DYNAMO Pond Model	113	(1)
EcoWin	114	(1)
LEEM	115	(1)
LERAM	116	(1)
CASM, a Modified SWACOM	117	(1)
PC Lake	118	(1)
PH-ALA	119	(1)
SALMO	119	(2)
SIMPLE	121	(1)
FLEX/MIMIC	122	(1)
IFEM	123	(1)
INTASS	124	(2)
Discussion and Recommendations	126	(3)
Ecosystem Models - Terrestrial	129	(20)
Christopher E. Mackay
Robert A. Pastorok
Desert Competition Model	131	(1)
FVS	132	(1)
FORCLIM	133	(1)
FORSKA	134	(1)
HYBRID	135	(1)
ORGANON	136	(1)
SIMA	137	(1)
TEEM	138	(1)
Short Grass Prairie Model	139	(1)
SAGE	140	(2)
Modified SWARD	142	(1)
SPUR	143	(1)
Multi-timescale Community Dynamics Models	143	(1)
Nestedness Analysis Model	144	(1)
Discussion and Recommendations	145	(4)
Landscape Models - Aquatic and Terrestrial	149	(32)
Christopher E. Mackay
Robert A. Pastorok
ERSEM	151	(1)
Barataria Bay Model	152	(1)
CEL HYBRID	153	(1)
Delaware River Basin Model	154	(2)
Patuxent Watershed Model	156	(2)
ATLSS	158	(2)
Disturbance to Wetland Vascular Plants Model	160	(1)
LANDIS	161	(1)
FORMOSAIC	162	(2)
FORMIX	164	(1)
ZELIG	165	(2)
JABOWA	167	(2)
Regional Forest Landscape Model	169	(1)
Spatial Dynamics of Species Richness Model	170	(1)
STEPPE	170	(1)
Wildlife-Urban Interface Model	171	(2)
SLOSS	173	(1)
Island Disturbance Biogeographic Model	174	(1)
Multiscale Landscape Model	175	(2)
Discussion and Recommendations	177	(4)
Toxicity-Extrapolation Models	181	(14)
Jenee A. Colton
Estimation of Final Chronic Value Model	184	(1)
HCS	185	(1)
HCp	186	(1)
ACR	187	(1)
Acute-to-Chronic UF Model	188	(1)
NOEC for Survival to Other Endpoints Model	188	(1)
Acute Lethality to NOEC Model	189	(1)
Allometric Scaling Model	190	(1)
Scaling Between Bird Species Model	190	(1)
Interspecies Toxicity Model	191	(1)
Species-Sensitivity Ratios Model	191	(1)
AEE	192	(1)
Errors-in-Variables Regression Model	192	(1)
Discussion and Recommendations	193	(2)
Profiles of Selected Models	195	(10)
Robert A. Pastorok
Enhancing the Use of Ecological Models in Environmental Decision-Making	205	(6)
Lev R. Ginzburg
H. Resit Akcakaya
Training and Education	205	(1)
Applying Existing Ecological Models	206	(1)
Integrating Existing Models	207	(1)
Developing New, Case-Specific Models	208	(1)
Investment Trade-offs	208	(3)
Conclusions and Recommendations	211	(4)
Robert A. Pastorok
Lev. R. Ginzburg
Summary	215	(4)
Robert A. Pastorok
H. Resit Akcakaya
Selecting and Using Ecological Models in Ecological Risk Assessment	216	(1)
Results of the Evaluation of Ecological Models	216	(3)
References	219	(72)
Appendices
Appendix A -- Fish Population Modeling Data Needs and Case Study	245	(22)
Appendix B -- Classification Systems	267	(8)
Appendix C -- Results of the Initial Screening of Ecological Models	275	(16)
Glossary	291	(8)
Index	299