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Preface to the Second Edition | p. x |
Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Conflicting Environmental Philosophies | p. 1 |
Silviculture: a Consilient Discipline | p. 5 |
References | p. 7 |
Ecology | |
Oak-dominated Ecosystems | p. 8 |
Introduction | p. 8 |
The Taxonomy of Oaks | p. 9 |
The Geographic Distribution of US Oaks | p. 10 |
Species ranges and groupings | p. 10 |
Distribution of oaks by hierarchically classified ecoregions | p. 16 |
Eastern Oak Forests | p. 19 |
The Northern Hardwood Region | p. 19 |
The Central Hardwood Region | p. 26 |
The Southern Pine-Hardwood Region | p. 33 |
The Forest-Prairie Transition Region | p. 36 |
Western Oak Forests | p. 40 |
The Southwestern Desert-Steppe Region | p. 40 |
The Pacific Mediterranean-Marine Region | p. 43 |
The Influence of Climate Change | p. 48 |
Notes | p. 52 |
References | p. 52 |
Regeneration Ecology I: Flowering, Fruiting and*Reproduction Characteristics | p. 58 |
Introduction | p. 58 |
Flowering | p. 59 |
Male flowers | p. 59 |
Female flowers | p. 62 |
Factors Affecting Acorn Production | p. 63 |
Weather | p. 65 |
Premature abscission | p. 66 |
Variation in acorn production | p. 68 |
Acorn Predation and Dispersal | p. 73 |
Insects: destroyers of acorns | p. 74 |
The significance of acorn dispersal by animals | p. 81 |
Oak Seedling Establishment | p. 92 |
Germination and initial establishment | p. 92 |
Early growth | p. 94 |
Seedling Sprouts | p. 100 |
Shoot dieback and root: shoot ratio | p. 100 |
Occurrence of shoot dieback | p. 102 |
Stump Sprouts and Related Growth Forms | p. 106 |
Definitions and origins | p. 106 |
Sprouting probability | p. 109 |
Sprout growth and mortality | p. 112 |
Dominance probability | p. 116 |
Notes | p. 118 |
References | p. 118 |
Regeneration Ecology II: Population Dynamics | p. 134 |
Introduction | p. 134 |
Regeneration Strategy | p. 135 |
Reproductive mechanisms: seeding and sprouting | p. 135 |
Accumulation of oak reproduction | p. 138 |
Fluctuation in population density | p. 159 |
Regeneration Potential | p. 165 |
Regeneration mode | p. 165 |
Modelling theory and objectives | p. 173 |
Stand-level regeneration models: purpose, problems and limitations | p. 175 |
Notes | p. 176 |
References | p. 177 |
Site Productivity and Stand Development | |
Site Productivity | p. 188 |
Introduction | p. 188 |
Measures of Site Productivity | p. 189 |
Relation of Site Productivity to Ecological Classification | p. 192 |
Productivity and Related Self-sustaining Properties of Oak Forests | p. 193 |
Effects of harvesting on site productivity | p. 193 |
Modifying site productivity through fertilization | p. 196 |
Methods of Evaluating Site Quality | p. 197 |
Site index | p. 197 |
Site evaluation alternatives to site index | p. 206 |
Notes | p. 210 |
References | p. 210 |
Development of Natural Stands | p. 216 |
Introduction | p. 216 |
Forest Canopy Layers | p. 216 |
Disturbance | p. 217 |
Disturbance type | p. 218 |
Disturbance size and frequency of occurrence | p. 218 |
Response to disturbance | p. 220 |
Development of Even-aged Stands | p. 221 |
The stand initiation stage | p. 223 |
The stem exclusion stage | p. 225 |
The understorey reinitiation stage | p. 231 |
The complex stage | p. 238 |
Development of Uneven-aged Stands | p. 238 |
Disturbance-Recovery Cycles | p. 239 |
References | p. 247 |
Self-thinning and Stand Density | p. 250 |
Introduction | p. 250 |
Self-thinning | p. 250 |
Reineke's model | p. 250 |
The -3/2 rule | p. 252 |
Stand Density and Stocking | p. 258 |
Terminology | p. 258 |
Maximum and minimum growing space | p. 260 |
Stand density diagrams | p. 264 |
Note | p. 276 |
References | p. 276 |
Silviculture, Growth and Yield | |
Even-aged Silvicultural Methods | p. 280 |
Introduction | p. 280 |
Natural Regeneration Methods | p. 281 |
The clearcutting method | p. 281 |
The shelterwood method | p. 300 |
The seed tree method | p. 304 |
Artificial Regeneration Methods | p. 305 |
Afforestation | p. 306 |
Enrichment planting | p. 318 |
Intermediate Cuttings | p. 329 |
Definitions and theory | p. 329 |
Application | p. 330 |
Special Problems: Reducing Insect and Disease Impacts | p. 340 |
Gypsy moth | p. 340 |
Oak decline | p. 350 |
Oak wilt | p. 353 |
Sudden oak death | p. 357 |
Economic, Environmental and Social Considerations | p. 359 |
The clearcutting method | p. 359 |
The shelterwood and seed tree methods | p. 361 |
Note | p. 361 |
References | p. 361 |
Uneven-aged Silvicultural Methods | p. 379 |
Introduction | p. 379 |
The Single-tree Selection Method | p. 381 |
Principles of application | p. 381 |
Applicability to oak forests | p. 396 |
The Group Selection Method | p. 411 |
Economic, Environmental and Social Considerations | p. 419 |
Notes | p. 421 |
References | p. 421 |
Silvicultural Methods for Multi-resource Management | p. 429 |
Introduction | p. 429 |
Oak Savannahs and Woodlands | p. 429 |
Characteristics and extent | p. 429 |
Disturbance processes | p. 431 |
Managing oak savannahs and woodlands | p. 435 |
Managing Stands for Acorn Production | p. 441 |
Assessing and predicting acorn crops | p. 442 |
Guidelines for sustaining acorn production | p. 450 |
Managing Stands for Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration | p. 455 |
Sequestering carbon in trees | p. 455 |
Estimating biomass and carbon | p. 456 |
Managing for biomass production | p. 459 |
Managing for carbon sequestration | p. 461 |
Old-growth Oak Forests | p. 465 |
Extent and characteristics | p. 466 |
Silvicultural options | p. 467 |
Old-growth oak forests at the landscape scale | p. 471 |
Aesthetics | p. 473 |
Stand-level aesthetics | p. 474 |
Landscape-level aesthetics | p. 477 |
Notes | p. 479 |
References | p. 479 |
Growth and Yield | p. 492 |
Introduction | p. 492 |
Growth of an Oak | p. 493 |
Annual phenology | p. 493 |
Diameter growth | p. 494 |
Height growth | p. 500 |
Survival rates | p. 507 |
Stand Growth | p. 509 |
Growth and yield in even-aged stands | p. 509 |
Growth and yield in uneven-aged stands | p. 516 |
Growth and Yield Models | p. 517 |
Modelling methods | p. 517 |
Stand-level models for oaks | p. 518 |
Stand table projection models | p. 521 |
Individual-tree-level models for oaks | p. 522 |
Estimating ingrowth | p. 528 |
Model evaluation | p. 531 |
Volume Equations | p. 532 |
Regional Patterns in Yield and Productivity | p. 533 |
Note | p. 534 |
References | p. 534 |
Common and Scientific Names of Species Mentioned | p. 543 |
Forest Cover Types of Eastern USA Dominated by Oaks or Oaks Mixed with other Species | p. 551 |
Forest Cover Types of Western USA Dominated by Oaks or Oaks Mixed with other Species | p. 556 |
Formulae for Converting Site Index (in feet at base age 50) of One Species to Another in Unglaciated Regions of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia | p. 559 |
Formulae for Converting Site Indexes (in feet at base age 50) for Oaks and Associated Species from One Species to Another in Three Regions | p. 560 |
Formulae for Converting Yellow-poplar Site Index to Oak Site Indexes in the Virginia-Carolina Piedmont | p. 562 |
Parameter Estimates for Site Index Asymptotes (S) and Species Coefficients (b) for Deriving Height/dbh Site Index Curves from Equation 4.1 | p. 563 |
Common Conversions | p. 564 |
Index | p. 566 |
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