The Economics of Complex Spatial Systems

by Nijkamp, Peter; Reggiani, Aura

• ISBN13: 9780444829313
• ISBN10: 0444829318
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-07-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Table of Contents

Preface	v
1. Uncertainty and Complexity	1	(16)
1.1 Towards a Science of Uncertainty	1	(3)
1.2 Dynamic Systems in Perspective	4	(1)
1.3 Pathways to Nonlinear Dynamic Modelling	5	(3)
1.4 Dissipative Structures and Synergetics	8	(3)
1.5 The Science of Complexity in the Space-Economy	11	(3)
1.6 Structure of the Book	14	(3)
2. Nonlinear Dynamics in Spatial Systems: The Relevance of Chaos and Asymmetric Behaviour	17	(24)
2.1 Nonlinear Modelling: Exploring the Scene	17	(1)
2.2 Pathways to Nonlinearities and Chaos	18	(7)
2.3 Modelling Chaos Phenomena	25	(3)
2.4 Chaos Theory and Asymmetries in Economics	28	(6)
2.5 Analysis of Chaos in Regional Economics	34	(6)
2.5.1 Introduction	34	(1)
2.5.2 Urban systems	34	(3)
2.5.3 Transport systems	37	(1)
2.5.4 Migration systems	38	(1)
2.5.5 Industrial/production systems	38	(1)
2.5.6 General comments	39	(1)
2.6 Concluding Remarks	40	(1)
3. Evolutionary Approaches to Spatial-Economic Systems: The Relevance of Ecologically-Based Models	41	(34)
3.1 Introduction	41	(1)
3.2 Connections between Ecology and Economics	42	(2)
3.3 Ecologically-Based Models	44	(7)
3.3.1 The May model	44	(1)
3.3.2 The Lotka-Volterra model	45	(6)
3.4 Niche Theory as a Unifying Framework	51	(4)
3.4.1 Niche concepts	51	(1)
3.4.2 Formalization of the niche concept	52	(3)
3.5 Systems Evolution by means of Niche Chains	55	(3)
3.5.1 Introduction	55	(1)
3.5.2 Evolution of self-organizing systems	56	(2)
3.6 Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Niche System	58	(4)
3.6.1 Introduction	58	(1)
3.6.2 A niche model in continuous form	58	(2)
3.6.3 A niche model in discrete form	60	(1)
3.6.4 A methodological view	61	(1)
3.7 Simulation Experiments: Illustration of a Two-Dimensional Niche System	62	(5)
3.7.1 A simple interurban transport model	62	(1)
3.7.2 Numerical experiments: the case of a `dominance' competition system	63	(3)
3.7.3 Numerical experiments: the case of a `dominance' symbiosis system	66	(1)
3.8 An Economic Interpretation of Niches	67	(2)
3.8.1 Introduction	67	(1)
3.8.2 Simulation experiments	68	(1)
3.9 Simulation Experiments: a Three-Dimensional Niche System	69	(3)
3.9.1 Introduction	69	(1)
3.9.2 Simulation experiments	69	(3)
3.10 A Niche Model for the Evolution of Cities	72	(2)
3.11 Concluding Remarks	74	(1)
4. Complex Synergetics: Spatial Growth and Diffusion Processes	75	(32)
4.1 Space-Time Aspects of Growth and Innovation Diffusion	75	(2)
4.2 Modelling Innovation Diffusion in a Space-Time Context	77	(4)
4.3 Modelling Growth and Diffusion Processes: A Nested Synergetic Approach	81	(4)
4.3.1 Introduction to dynamic diffusion and synergy	81	(2)
4.3.2 Presentation of a growth diffusion model	83	(2)
4.4 Simulation Experiments for a Synergetic Dynamic Model for Growth and Innovation Diffusion	85	(14)
4.4.1 Introduction	85	(1)
4.4.2 Case 1: two areas (core/periphery)	85	(14)
4.5 Simulation Experiments for Three-Dimensional Spatial Dynamics	99	(6)
4.5.1 Introduction	99	(2)
4.5.2 Case 2: three areas	101	(4)
4.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions	105	(2)
5. Complexity and Connectivity in Multi-Layer Spatial-Economic Systems	107	(42)
5.1 Introduction	107	(1)
5.2 Multi-Layer Niche Structures: an Alternative View	108	(2)
5.3 A Hierarchical Evolutionary Approach to Interacting Spatial Systems	110	(2)
5.4 A Multi-Layer Economic-Environmental Model for Spatial Competition	112	(13)
5.4.1 Introduction	112	(1)
5.4.2 A two-layer model with three competing modes	113	(1)
5.4.3 Simulation experiments for the modal choice model	114	(10)
5.4.4 Concluding remarks	124	(1)
5.5 A Multi-Layer Complex Modal Choice Model with Dynamic Growth Rates	125	(7)
5.5.1 Introduction	125	(1)
5.5.2 Stable behaviour	125	(3)
5.5.3 Cyclical/irregular behaviour	128	(4)
5.6 Modelling Spatial Complexity and (In)stability	132	(14)
5.6.1 Connectivity, networks and complexity in spatial-economic growth	132	(2)
5.6.2 Connectivity in space-time systems	134	(1)
5.6.3 A simple spatial-economic growth model	135	(1)
5.6.4 Stability and complexity in a simple spatial network model	136	(10)
5.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions	146	(3)
6. The Economics of Network Synergy and Spatial Evolution	149	(44)
6.1 Network synergy: an Introduction	149	(2)
6.2 Network Synergy and Performance	151	(3)
6.3 An Economic Performance Analysis of Network Links	154	(3)
6.4 A Single Mode Analysis for Network Behaviour	157	(4)
6.5 A Multi-Modal Analysis for Network Behaviour	161	(1)
6.6 Towards Dynamic Network Synergy Models in an Evolutionary Perspective	162	(23)
6.6.1 Introduction	162	(1)
6.6.2 Prey-predator relationships between the input factors	163	(2)
6.6.3 Symbiotic relationships between the input factors	165	(2)
6.6.4 Ecological relationships between input factors and output	167	(8)
6.6.5 Competitive relationships between input factors	175	(10)
6.7 Conclusions	185	(2)
Annex 6A Typologies of Network Performance Attractors	187	(6)
7. Neural Networks for the Analysis of Complex Spatial Systems	193	(22)
7.1 Introduction to Neurocomputing	193	(3)
7.2 A Brief History of Neural Network Analysis	196	(1)
7.3 The Structure of Neural Networks	197	(4)
7.3.1 Micro-structure	198	(1)
7.3.2 Meso-structure	199	(2)
7.3.3 Macro-structure	201	(1)
7.4 The Learning Phase in Neural Networks	201	(4)
7.4.1 Supervisor learning	202	(2)
7.4.2 Unsupervisor learning	204	(1)
7.5 Neural Networks and the Social Sciences	205	(2)
7.6 Applications of Neural Networks in Spatial Economics and Transportation Science	207	(5)
7.6.1 Introduction	207	(1)
7.6.2 Neural Networks in spatial economic systems	207	(4)
7.6.3 Neural Networks in transport systems	211	(1)
7.7 Concluding Remarks	212	(3)
8. Complex Spatial Interaction Systems: Empirical Applications by Means of Neural Networks and Logit Models	215	(24)
8.1 Introduction	215	(1)
8.2 The Models Adopted	216	(3)
8.2.1 Introduction	216	(1)
8.2.2 The logit approach	217	(1)
8.2.3 The feedforward neural net model	218	(1)
8.2.4 Statistical indicators	218	(1)
8.3 Neural Networks and Logit Models: Applications to Passenger Transport Flows in Italy	219	(11)
8.3.1 Introduction	219	(2)
8.3.2 Spatial forecasting results	221	(4)
8.3.3 Impacts of transport time	225	(4)
8.3.4 Concluding remarks	229	(1)
8.4 Neural Networks and Logit Models: Applications to European Freight Transport Flows	230	(7)
8.4.1 Introduction	230	(1)
8.4.2 Spatial forecasting results	231	(4)
8.4.3 Sensitivity analysis by means of social costs scenarios	235	(2)
8.5 Conclusions	237	(2)
9. The Complex Dynamics of Spatial-Economic Systems Revisited	239	(8)
9.1 Nonlinear Pathways: Reprise	239	(5)
9.2 Nonlinear Pathways to the Future	244	(3)
References	247	(17)
Acknowledgements	264	(1)
Index	265