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List of tables | p. ix |
List of figures | p. x |
Acknowledgments | p. xii |
Selected symbols and abbreviations | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Travel demand | p. 4 |
Aggregate tabulations and models | p. 5 |
Aggregate demand models | p. 6 |
Cross-sectional studies of metropolitan areas | p. 8 |
Cross-sectional studies within a metropolitan area | p. 9 |
Studies using time-series data | p. 10 |
Summary of key results of aggregate studies | p. 11 |
Transportation and land use | p. 12 |
Disaggregate models: methods | p. 15 |
Basic discrete-choice models | p. 15 |
Estimation | p. 17 |
Interpreting coefficient estimates | p. 19 |
Data | p. 21 |
Randomness, scale of utility, and measures of benefit | p. 23 |
Aggregation and forecasting | p. 25 |
Specification | p. 26 |
Ordered and rank-ordered models | p. 27 |
Disaggregate models: examples | p. 28 |
Mode choice | p. 28 |
Trip-scheduling choice | p. 29 |
Choice of free or express lanes | p. 31 |
Advanced discrete-choice modeling | p. 33 |
Generalized extreme value models | p. 33 |
Combined discrete and continuous choice | p. 36 |
Disaggregate panel data | p. 38 |
Random parameters and mixed logit | p. 39 |
Endogenous prices | p. 41 |
Activity patterns and trip chaining | p. 43 |
Value of time and reliability | p. 44 |
Value of time: basic theory | p. 45 |
Empirical specifications | p. 46 |
Extensions | p. 47 |
Value of reliability: theory | p. 49 |
Empirical results | p. 52 |
Conclusions | p. 54 |
Costs | p. 56 |
The nature of cost functions | p. 56 |
Cost functions for public transit | p. 61 |
Accounting cost studies | p. 62 |
Engineering cost studies | p. 64 |
Statistical cost studies | p. 65 |
Cost functions including user inputs | p. 67 |
Highway travel: congestion technology | p. 69 |
Fundamentals of congestion | p. 69 |
Empirical speed-flow relationships | p. 72 |
Dynamic congestion models | p. 78 |
Congestion modeling: a conclusion | p. 83 |
Highway travel: short-run cost functions and equilibrium | p. 83 |
Stationary-state congestion on a homogeneous road | p. 84 |
Time-averaged models | p. 86 |
Dynamic models with endogenous scheduling | p. 88 |
Network equilibrium | p. 93 |
Parking search | p. 96 |
Empirical evidence on short-run variable costs | p. 97 |
Highway travel: long-run cost functions | p. 105 |
Analytic long-run cost functions | p. 106 |
The role of information technology | p. 109 |
Empirical evidence on capital costs | p. 111 |
Is highway travel subsidized? | p. 114 |
Intermodal cost comparisons | p. 115 |
Conclusions | p. 117 |
Pricing | p. 119 |
First-best congestion pricing of highways | p. 120 |
Static congestion | p. 121 |
Dynamic congestion | p. 127 |
Second-best pricing | p. 137 |
Network aspects | p. 139 |
Time-of-day aspects | p. 143 |
User heterogeneity | p. 145 |
Stochastic congestion and information | p. 146 |
Interactions with other distorted markets | p. 146 |
Second-best pricing: a conclusion | p. 147 |
Congestion pricing in practice | p. 148 |
Singapore | p. 148 |
Norwegian toll rings | p. 149 |
Value pricing in the US | p. 149 |
London congestion charging | p. 150 |
Other applications | p. 151 |
Technology of road pricing | p. 151 |
Pricing of parking | p. 153 |
Pricing of public transit | p. 155 |
Fare level | p. 155 |
Fare structure | p. 159 |
Incentive effects of subsidies | p. 159 |
Political considerations | p. 160 |
Conclusions | p. 161 |
Investment | p. 163 |
Capacity choice for highways | p. 163 |
Basic results: capacity choice with first-best pricing and static congestion | p. 164 |
Self-financing in more complex settings | p. 167 |
Second-best highway capacity | p. 172 |
Naive investment rules | p. 178 |
Cost-benefit analysis | p. 181 |
Willingness to pay | p. 181 |
Demand and cost forecasts | p. 184 |
Discounting future costs and benefits | p. 185 |
Shifting of costs and benefits | p. 187 |
External benefits and network effects | p. 187 |
Conclusion: the use and misuse of cost-benefit analysis | p. 189 |
Conclusions | p. 189 |
Industrial organization of transportation providers | p. 191 |
Private highways | p. 192 |
Single road with static congestion | p. 192 |
Single road with dynamic congestion | p. 194 |
Heterogeneous users | p. 196 |
Private toll lanes: the two-route problem revisited | p. 196 |
Competition in networks | p. 198 |
Regulation and franchising of private roads | p. 201 |
Privately provided transit services | p. 203 |
Forms of privatization | p. 204 |
Market structure and competitive practices | p. 205 |
Efficiency of public and private providers | p. 208 |
Experience with privatization and deregulation | p. 209 |
Paratransit | p. 212 |
Conventional taxi service | p. 213 |
Conclusions | p. 214 |
Conclusion | p. 215 |
Emerging themes | p. 215 |
Implications for transportation research | p. 219 |
Notes | p. 221 |
References | p. 237 |
Index | p. 269 |
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