Economy and Environment in the Caribbean

by Richardson, Bonham C.

• ISBN13: 9780813015392
• ISBN10: 0813015391
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-03-01
• Publisher: Univ Pr of Florida

Summary

"Bearing in mind the recent renewed interest in the economic and environmental problems of small islands everywhere, [this] is a highly appropriate time to bring back to world attention the issues of that time, which served in large measure to define the patterns of development in Barbados, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent in the early decades of the twentieth century. . . . [A book] especially to be welcomed."--David Watts, University of Hull, England "A seminal contribution. . . . Lucid, erudite, and highly readable."--David Barker, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica In this historical geography of the British colonies of Barbados and the Windwards (St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada), Bonham C. Richardson describes the economies, environments, and societies of the four geographically dissimilar islands and outlines the severe economic depression they experienced following the 1884 plunge in London sugar prices and the exacerbating effects of two catastrophes, a massive hurricane in 1898 and a volcanic eruption in 1902. In response to these problems, the British parliament created the 1897 West India Royal Commission to outline a new policy for the islands' development. Concentrating on the years between 1880 and 1905, Richardson makes use of unpublished archival records, local newspapers, and records of the Royal Commission to explain the enormous changes in land-use patterns in the British Caribbean. In a novel approach, Richardson emphasizes the effects of the islands' physical environments and devotes chapters to climate, waters, lowlands, and highlands. He also demonstrates how these environmental zones and resources were contested by different socioeconomic groups, leading him to one of his most provocative arguments: that depression-induced demonstrations and riots in the islands in the late 1890s in large part precipitated the Royal Commission's wise decision to advocate the break-up of sugarcane plantations into smaller shareholds. Thus, Richardson demonstrates the ways in which working people, far from being victims of colonialism, managed to influence British decision makers such that each island developed a unique adaptation to the economic and geophysical stresses placed on it, proving fruitless the British attempts to "regionalize" the islands under a single policy. Throughout, Richardson's discussion of insularity and islandness is important to understanding problems in the Caribbean today, a century later, and will be of interest to geographers and historians of the Caribbean and to anyone with an interest in small-island economics. Bonham C. Richardson is professor of geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. His most recent book, The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492-1992, received the Gordon K. Lewis Award in 1993 from the Caribbean Studies Association.

Author Biography

Bonham C. Richardson is professor of geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	ix	(2)
Foreword	xi	(4)
Preface	xv
1 Introduction	1	(17)
The Royal Commission of 1897	6	(2)
Caribbean Geography	8	(10)
2 The Eastern Caribbean in Depression, 1880-1900	18	(49)
Barbados and the Windwards	29	(21)
Colonial Political Control	50	(6)
Depression and Riots	56	(11)
3 The Climate	67	(30)
The Socioclimatology of the late 1800s	70	(8)
Climatic Variability	78	(8)
The Great Hurricane of 1898	86	(11)
4 The Waters	97	(35)
Runoff, Streams and Swamps	102	(8)
Harbours	110	(4)
Migrating, Sailing and Smuggling	114	(8)
Sea Fishing	122	(10)
5 The Lowlands	132	(39)
Bounding the Lowlands	133	(10)
Sugar Cane	143	(14)
Human Population Density	157	(6)
Health, Mortality and Elevation	163	(8)
6 The Highlands	171	(40)
Deforestation	175	(6)
Subsistence Agriculture	181	(12)
Cacao and Nutmeg	193	(7)
Soufriere's Eruption in 1902	200	(11)
7 The Eastern Caribbean in 1900: Region, Insularity and Change	211	(26)
Imperial Ambivalence	214	(3)
Land-Use Changes in the Windwards	217	(9)
Sugar Cane's Continuity in Barbados	226	(5)
Regional Control, Insular Responses	231	(6)
Appendix: Population Data	237	(4)
Notes	241	(26)
Bibliography	267	(10)
Index	277