Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards, Second Edition

by Philp; Richard B.

• ISBN13: 9781566705684
• ISBN10: 1566705681
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-06-27
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Renamed to reflect the expanded scope of the second edition, Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards builds on the foundation created by the author in the first edition, Environmental Hazards and Human Health. Written in a journalistic, easily accessible style, this book bridges the gap between toxicology and environmental sciences by exploring man-made and natural hazards, and the risks they pose to wildlife and human health. See what's new in the Second Edition: Coverage of environmental hormone disrupters Section on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Expanded discussion of the controversy over genetically modified foods New information on mechanisms of action of marine venoms and poisons Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards, Second Edition explores the broad range of environmental and human health aspects of chemical and biological hazards. The author covers the basic principles of pharmacology and toxicology as well as risk analysis, air and water pollution, and various toxicants, hazards, and poisons. He presents numerous examples of the intimate relationship between ecosystem health and human health and of the need to consider this relationship whenever human activities are likely to have a significant environmental impact.

Author Biography

Richard B. Philp, D.V.M., Ph.D., is an emeritus professor and former Chair of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Western Ontario

Table of Contents

Principles of pharmacology and toxicology	1	(45)
Introduction	1	(3)
Pharmacokinetics	4	(8)
Absorption	4	(1)
Distribution	5	(1)
Biotransformation	6	(4)
Elimination	10	(2)
Pharmacodynamics	12	(8)
Ligand binding and receptors	12	(1)
Biological variation and data manipulation	13	(1)
Dose response	14	(3)
Probit analysis	17	(2)
Cumulative effects	19	(1)
Factors influencing responses to xenobiotics	20	(6)
Age	20	(1)
Body composition	21	(1)
Sex	21	(1)
Genetic factors	22	(2)
Presence of pathology	24	(1)
Xenobiotic interactions	25	(1)
Some toxicological considerations	26	(3)
Acute vs. chronic toxicity	26	(1)
Acute toxicity	27	(1)
Peripheral neurotoxins	27	(1)
Central neurotoxins	27	(1)
Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation	27	(1)
Uncoupling agents	28	(1)
Inhibitors of intermediary metabolism	28	(1)
Chronic toxicity	28	(1)
Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis	29	(5)
Sites of intracellular damage	29	(3)
DNA repair	32	(1)
Genetic predisposition to cancer	33	(1)
Epigenetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis	33	(1)
The role of cell repair and regeneration in toxic reactions	34	(1)
Response of tissues to chemical insult	35	(1)
Fetal toxicology	35	(3)
Teratogenesis	35	(2)
Transplacental carcinogenesis	37	(1)
Further reading	38	(1)
Review questions	39	(3)
Answers	42	(3)
Risk analysis and public perceptions of risk	45	(28)
Introduction	45	(1)
Assessment of toxicity vs. risk	45	(1)
Predicting risk: workplace vs. the environment	46	(1)
Acute exposures	46	(1)
Chronic exposures	46	(1)
Very low-level, long-term exposures	46	(1)
Carcinogenesis	47	(1)
Risk assessment and carcinogenesis	47	(3)
Sources of error in predicting cancer risks	50	(6)
Portal-of-entry effects	50	(2)
Age effects	52	(1)
Exposure to co-carcinogens and promoters	52	(1)
Species differences	52	(2)
Extrapolation of animal data to humans	54	(1)
Hormesis	54	(1)
Natural vs. anthropogenic carcinogens	55	(1)
Reliability of tests of carcinogenesis	55	(1)
Environmental monitoring	56	(1)
Setting safe limits in the workplace	57	(2)
Environmental risks: problems with assessment and public perceptions	59	(3)
The psychological impact of potential environmental risks	60	(1)
Voluntary risk acceptance vs. imposed risks	60	(1)
Costs of risk avoidance	61	(1)
Some examples of major industrial accidents and environmental chemical exposures with human health implications	62	(2)
Radiation	62	(1)
Formaldehyde	62	(1)
Dioxin (TCDD)	63	(1)
Some legal aspects of risk	64	(1)
De minimis concept	64	(1)
Delaney Amendment	64	(1)
Statistical problems with risk assessment	65	(1)
Risk management	66	(1)
The precautionary principle	67	(1)
Further reading	68	(1)
Review questions	69	(2)
Answers	71	(1)
Case study 1	71	(1)
Case study 2	72	(1)
Water and soil pollution	73	(30)
Introduction	73	(1)
Factors affecting toxicants in water	74	(5)
Exchange of toxicants in an ecosystem	74	(1)
Factors (modifiers) affecting uptake of toxicants from the environment	74	(2)
Abiotic modifiers	76	(1)
Biotic modifiers	77	(1)
Some important definitions	78	(1)
Toxicity testing in marine and aquatic species	79	(1)
Water quality	79	(4)
Sources of pollution	80	(1)
Some major water pollutants	81	(1)
Chemical classification of pesticides	82	(1)
Health hazards of pesticides and related chemicals	83	(1)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons	83	(1)
Chlorphenoxy acid herbicides	83	(1)
Organophosphates (organophosphorus insecticides)	84	(1)
Carbamates	84	(1)
Acidity and toxic metals	84	(2)
Chemical hazards from waste disposal	86	(4)
The Love Canal story	87	(2)
Problems with Love Canal studies	89	(1)
Toxicants in the Great Lakes: implications for human health and wildlife	90	(3)
Evidence of adverse effects on human health	91	(2)
Evidence of adverse effects on wildlife	93	(1)
Global warming and water levels in the Great Lakes	93	(1)
The marine environment	93	(1)
Aquatic toxicology	94	(1)
Biological hazards in drinking water	95	(3)
Anatomy of a small town disaster	96	(2)
Further reading	98	(2)
Review questions	100	(2)
Answers	102	(1)
Airborne hazards	103	(26)
Introduction	103	(1)
Types of air pollution	103	(1)
Gaseous pollutants	103	(1)
Particulates	104	(1)
Smog	104	(1)
Sources of air pollution	104	(1)
Atmospheric distribution of pollutants	105	(1)
Movement in the troposphere	105	(1)
Movement in the stratosphere	106	(1)
Water and soil transport of air pollutants	106	(1)
Types of pollutants	106	(1)
Gaseous pollutants	106	(1)
Particulate pollutants	107	(1)
Health effects of air pollution	107	(1)
Acute effects	107	(1)
Chronic effects	108	(1)
Air pollution in the workplace	108	(6)
Asbestos	108	(1)
Silicosis	109	(1)
Pyrolysis of plastics	109	(1)
Dust	110	(1)
CO and NO2	110	(1)
Multiple chemical sensitivity	111	(3)
Chemical impact of pollutants on the environment	114	(2)
Sulfur dioxide and acid rain	114	(1)
The chemistry of ozone	115	(1)
Chlorine	116	(1)
Global warming	116	(3)
Water	116	(1)
Carbon dioxide	117	(1)
Methane	118	(1)
Subtle greenhouse effects	119	(1)
Global cooling: new Ice Age?	119	(2)
Sulfur dioxide	120	(1)
Motor vehicle exhaust	120	(1)
Natural factors and climate change	121	(1)
Remedies	122	(1)
Further reading	123	(1)
Review questions	124	(2)
Answers	126	(1)
Case study 3	126	(1)
Case study 4	127	(1)
Case study 5	127	(1)
Case study 6	127	(1)
Case study 7	128	(1)
Case study 8	128	(1)
Halogenated hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons	129	(18)
Introduction	129	(1)
Early examples of toxicity from halogenated hydrocarbons	129	(1)
Physicochemical characteristics and classes of halogenated hydrocarbons	130	(12)
Antibacterial disinfectants	130	(1)
Herbicides	131	(1)
Dioxin (TCDD) toxicity	131	(1)
Hepatotoxicity	132	(1)
Porphyria	132	(1)
Chloracne	132	(1)
Cardiovascular effects	133	(1)
Carcinogenicity	133	(2)
Neurotoxicity	135	(1)
Reproductive toxicity	135	(1)
Metabolic disturbances	135	(1)
The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and enzyme induction	135	(2)
Paraquat toxicity	137	(1)
Insecticides	137	(1)
Industrial and commercial chemicals	138	(1)
Biphenyls	138	(1)
Toxicity	138	(1)
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism	139	(1)
Biodegradation	139	(1)
Accidental human exposures	139	(1)
The problem of disposal	140	(1)
Solvents	140	(1)
Toxicity	140	(1)
Mechanism of toxicity	141	(1)
Trihalomethanes (THMs)	141	(1)
Further reading	142	(1)
Review questions	143	(2)
Answers	145	(1)
Case study 9	145	(1)
Case study 10	146	(1)
Toxicity of metals	147	(20)
Introduction	147	(1)
Lead (Pb)	148	(3)
Toxicokinetics of lead	149	(1)
Cellular toxicity of lead	149	(1)
Fetal toxicity	150	(1)
Treatment	150	(1)
Mercury (Hg)	151	(4)
Elemental mercury toxicity	152	(1)
Inorganic mercurial salts	152	(1)
Organic mercurials	152	(1)
Mechanism of mercury toxicity	153	(1)
Treatment of mercury poisoning	153	(1)
The Grassy Narrows story	154	(1)
Cadmium (Cd)	155	(2)
Cadmium toxicokinetics	156	(1)
Cadmium toxicity	156	(1)
Treatment	157	(1)
Arsenic (As)	157	(1)
Toxicokinetics of arsenicals	157	(1)
Toxicity	158	(1)
Treatment	158	(1)
Environmental effects of arsenic	158	(1)
Chromium (Cr)	158	(1)
Other metals	159	(1)
Metallothioneins	160	(1)
Carcinogenicity of metals	160	(1)
Unusual sources of heavy metal exposure	161	(1)
Further reading	161	(1)
Review questions	162	(2)
Answers	164	(1)
Case study 11	164	(1)
Case study 12	165	(1)
Case study 13	165	(2)
Organic solvents and related chemicals	167	(12)
Introduction	167	(1)
Classes of solvents	168	(4)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	168	(1)
Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons	168	(1)
Aliphatic alcohols	169	(2)
Glycols and glycol ethers	171	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	171	(1)
Solvent-related cancer in the workplace	172	(3)
Benzene	172	(1)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME)	173	(1)
Dimethylformamide (DMF) and glycol ethers	174	(1)
Ethylene oxide (CH2CH2O)	174	(1)
Factors influencing the risk of a toxic reaction	175	(1)
Non-occupational exposures to solvents	175	(1)
Further reading	175	(1)
Review questions	176	(1)
Answers	177	(1)
Case study 14	177	(1)
Case study 15 and 16	178	(1)
Case study 15	178	(1)
Case study 16	178	(1)
Food additives, drug residues and other food toxicants	179	(28)
Food additivies	179	(8)
Food and drug regulations	179	(1)
Some types of food additives	180	(2)
Artificial food colors	182	(2)
Emulsifiers	184	(1)
Preservatives and anti-oxidants	184	(1)
Artificial sweeteners	185	(2)
Flavor enhancers	187	(1)
Drug residues	187	(10)
Antibiotics and drug resistance	188	(1)
Infectious drug resistance (IDR)	189	(4)
Infectious diseases	193	(1)
Allergy	193	(1)
Diethylstilbestrol	193	(3)
Bovine growth hormone	196	(1)
Natural toxicants and carcinogens in human foods	197	(4)
Some natural toxicants	198	(1)
Favism	198	(1)
Toxic oil syndrome	198	(1)
Herbal remedies	199	(1)
Natural carcinogens in foods	200	(1)
Bracken fern ``fiddleheads''	200	(1)
Others	200	(1)
Further reading	201	(2)
Review questions	203	(2)
Answers	205	(1)
Case study 17	206	(1)
Pesticides	207	(18)
Introduction	207	(2)
Classes of insecticides	209	(4)
Organochlorines (chlorinated hydrocarbons)	209	(2)
Organophosphorus insecticides	211	(1)
Carbamate insecticides	212	(1)
Botanical insecticides	213	(1)
Herbicides	213	(2)
Chlorphenoxy compounds	213	(1)
Dinitrophenols	213	(1)
Bipyridyls	214	(1)
Carbamate herbicides	215	(1)
Triazines	215	(1)
Fungicides	215	(1)
Dicarboximides	215	(1)
Newer biological control methods	216	(1)
Government regulation of pesticides	216	(1)
Problems associated with pesticides	217	(1)
Development of resistance	217	(1)
Multiple resistance	217	(1)
Nonspecificity	218	(1)
Environmental contamination	218	(1)
Balancing the risks and the benefits	218	(1)
Toxicity of pesticides for humans	219	(1)
Further reading	220	(1)
Review questions	221	(1)
Answers	222	(1)
Case study 18	222	(1)
Case study 19	223	(2)
Mycotoxins and other toxins from unicellular organisms	225	(16)
Introduction	225	(1)
Some human health problems due to mycotoxins	225	(5)
Ergotism	225	(2)
Aleukia	227	(1)
Aflatoxins	227	(1)
Fumonisins	228	(2)
Other mycotoxic hazards to human health	230	(1)
Economic impact of mycotoxins	230	(1)
Fusarium life cycle	231	(1)
Trichothecenes	231	(3)
Zearalonone	231	(1)
Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol or DON)	231	(1)
Species differences in DON toxicokinetics	231	(2)
Other trichothecenes	233	(1)
Detoxification of grains	234	(1)
Harvesting and milling	234	(1)
Chemical treatments	234	(1)
Binding Agents	234	(1)
Other techniques	234	(1)
Other toxins in unicellular members of the plant kingdom	235	(1)
Further reading	236	(1)
Review questions	236	(3)
Answers	239	(2)
Animal and plant poisons	241	(20)
Introduction	241	(1)
Toxic and venomous animals	242	(4)
Toxic and venomous marine animals	242	(1)
Scalefish toxins	242	(1)
Ciguatoxin	242	(1)
Tetrodotoxin	243	(1)
Scombroid poisoning	243	(1)
Icthyotoxin	244	(1)
Shellfish toxins	244	(1)
Saxitoxin	244	(1)
Domoic acid	244	(1)
Okadaic acid	244	(1)
Direct toxicity from dinoflagellates	244	(1)
Stinging fishes	245	(1)
Mollusk venoms	245	(1)
Conotoxins	245	(1)
Coelenterate toxins	246	(1)
Echinoderm venoms	246	(1)
Toxic and venomous land animals	246	(8)
Venomous snakes	246	(1)
Snake venoms	247	(2)
First aid	249	(1)
Venomous arthropods	249	(1)
Toxic plants and mushrooms	250	(1)
Vesicants	250	(1)
Cardiac glycosides	251	(1)
Astringents and gastrointestinal irritants (pyrogallol tannins)	251	(1)
Autonomic agents	251	(1)
Dissolvers of microtubules	252	(1)
Phorbol esters	252	(1)
Cyanogenic glycosides	253	(1)
Detoxification of hydrogen cyanide	253	(1)
Convulsants	254	(1)
Use in research and treatment	254	(1)
Further reading	255	(2)
Review questions	257	(1)
Answers	258	(1)
Case study 20	258	(1)
Case study 21	259	(1)
Case study 22	259	(1)
Case study 23	259	(1)
Case study 24	260	(1)
Case study 25	260	(1)
Environmental hormone disrupters	261	(14)
Introduction	261	(1)
The Lake Apopka incident	262	(1)
A brief review of the physiology of estrogens and androgens	262	(1)
Mechanisms of hormone disruption	263	(3)
Methods of testing for hormone disruption	263	(1)
Some examples of xenoestrogen interactions with E2 receptors or effects in vivo or in vitro	264	(1)
Some effects on the male reproductive system	265	(1)
Modulation of hormone activity through effects on the Ah receptor	265	(1)
Phytoestrogens	266	(1)
Results of human studies	266	(4)
Males	266	(2)
Females	268	(2)
Effects in livestock and wildlife	270	(1)
Problems in interpreting and extrapolating results to humans	270	(1)
Further reading	271	(1)
Review questions	272	(1)
Answers	273	(2)
Radiation hazards	275	(16)
Introduction	275	(1)
Sources and types of radiation	276	(1)
Sources	276	(1)
Natural sources of radiation	276	(1)
Man-made sources of radiation	276	(1)
The cause of radiation	276	(1)
Types of radioactive energy resulting from nuclear decay	277	(1)
Measurement of radiation	277	(1)
Measures of energy	277	(1)
Measures of damage	278	(1)
Major nuclear disasters of historic importance	278	(3)
Hiroshima	278	(1)
Chernobyl	279	(1)
Three Mile Island	280	(1)
The Hanford release	280	(1)
Radon gas: the natural radiation	281	(1)
Tissue sensitivity to radiation	282	(1)
Microwaves	283	(1)
Ultraviolet radiation	284	(1)
Medical uses of UV radiation	284	(1)
Extra-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation	285	(2)
Irradiation of foodstuffs	287	(1)
Further reading	288	(1)
Review questions	289	(1)
Answers	290	(1)
Gaia and chaos: how things are connected	291	(14)
The Gaia hypothesis	291	(2)
Chaos theory	293	(1)
Other examples of interconnected systems	294	(3)
A vicious circle	294	(1)
Domino effects of global warming	294	(3)
A feedback loop	297	(1)
Food production and the environment	297	(5)
Meat vs. grain	297	(3)
Genetically modified plant foods	300	(2)
The environment and cancer	302	(1)
Further reading	302	(3)
Case study reviews	305	(1)
Case study 1	305	(1)
Case study 2	305	(1)
Case study 3	306	(1)
Case study 4	306	(1)
Case study 5	306	(1)
Case study 6	307	(1)
Case study 7	307	(1)
Case study 8	307	(1)
Case study 9	308	(1)
Case study 10	308	(1)
Case study 11	308	(1)
Case study 12	309	(1)
Case study 13	309	(1)
Case study 14	310	(1)
Case study 15 and 16	311	(1)
Case study 17	311	(1)
Case study 18	311	(1)
Case study 19	312	(1)
Case study 20	312	(1)
Case study 21	313	(1)
Case study 22	313	(1)
Case study 23	314	(1)
Case study 24	314	(1)
Case study 25	314