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Comprehensive and timely, Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications provides the most up to date information on the various edible mushrooms on the market. Compiling knowledge on their production, application and nutritional effects, chapters are dedicated to the cultivation of major species such as Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus subrufescens, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and others. With contributions from top researchers from around the world, topics covered include:
Extensively illustrated with over 200 images, this is the perfect resource for researchers and professionals in the mushroom industry, food scientists and nutritionists, as well as academics and students of biology, agronomy, nutrition and medicine.
Edited by
Professor Dr Diego Cunha Zied of Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil and Researcher Dr Arturo Pardo-Giménez of Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Spain.
List of Contributors xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Preface xxv
1 Mushrooms and Human Civilization 1
Behari Lal Dhar
1.1 Domestication of Mushrooms 2
References 3
2 Current Overview of Mushroom Production in the World 5
Daniel J. Royse, Johan Baars and Qi Tan
2.1 Lentinula edodes 6
2.2 Pleurotus spp. 8
2.3 Auricularia spp. 10
2.4 Agaricus bisporus 10
2.5 Flammulina velutipes 11
2.6 Outlook 11
References 12
3 Mushrooms: Biology and Life Cycle 15
Eustáquio Souza Dias and Manuela Rocha de Brito
3.1 Life Cycle of Fungi 15
3.2 The Subkingdom Dykaria 17
3.3 Homothallism, Heterothallism, and Amphithallism 18
3.4 Heterothallism 19
3.5 Homothallism 19
3.6 Amphithallism 20
3.7 Mating Type Genes 21
3.8 Agaricus brasiliensis (Syn = A. subrufescens or A. blazei): An Intriguing Example of Amphithallism 22
3.9 Life Cycle of Uncultivated Mushrooms 24
3.10 The Truffles 25
3.11 Morels 25
3.12 The Chanterelles 26
3.13 The Matsutake 27
3.14 Porcini 27
3.15 Decreased Production of Mycorrhizal Mushrooms in the Northern Hemisphere 28
3.16 Fitness of Filamentous Fungi 28
3.17 Final Considerations 30
References 31
4 Genetic Aspects and Strategies for Obtaining Hybrids 35
Manjit Singh and Shwet Kamal
4.1 Agaricus bisporus 36
4.2 Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Species) 60
4.3 Conclusion 72
References 73
5 Spawn Production 89
Kasper Moreaux
5.1 Our Spawn Industry Today 89
5.2 Basics 90
5.3 Spawn Production Techniques 92
5.4 Strain Selection 101
5.5 Strain Preservation and Degeneration 102
5.6 Production of Mother Cultures and Mother Spawn 107
5.7 Hygiene 114
5.8 Sterilization, Disinfection, and Filtration 116
5.9 Substrate Composition 122
5.10 Incubation 123
5.11 Conservation and Transport 127
References 128
6 Compost as a Food Base for Agaricus bisporus 129
Jos Buth
6.1 The Place of Agaricus Strains in Nature 129
6.2 Compost Process Phase I 130
6.3 Preparing Raw Materials 132
6.4 Phase II 138
6.5 Phase III 144
References 147
7 Casing Materials and Techniques in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 149
A. Pardo]Giménez, J.E. Pardo and Diego C. Zied
7.1 General Aspects of Casing and Fruiting 149
7.2 Casing Materials 153
7.3 Casing Related Techniques 158
References 163
8 The Bag or Block System of Agaricus Mushroom Growing 175
Raymond Samp
8.1 Overview of the System 175
8.2 Bags and Blocks in Use 176
8.3 Practical Use of the System – Phase I and Phase II 178
8.4 Practical Use of the System – Spawning and Phase III 179
8.5 Practical Use of the System – Casing through Cropping 186
References 195
9 The Mushroom Industry in the Netherlands 197
Jos Buth
References 209
10 New Technology in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 211
Arcadio Gómez
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Stages and Operations of the Production System 211
10.3 Conclusion 220
References 220
11 Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests of Commercial Mushroom Production 221
Danny Lee Rinker
11.1 Fly Pests 221
11.2 Mite Pests 230
11.3 Nematode Pests 231
References 235
12 Mushroom Diseases and Control 239
Francisco J. Gea and María J. Navarro
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 Fungal Diseases 239
12.3 Trichoderma Diseases 245
12.4 Bacterial Diseases 253
12.5 Viral Diseases 256
Further Reading 257
13 Harvesting and Processing of Mushrooms 261
Juan Valverde
13.1 Introduction 261
13.2 Manual Harvesting 262
13.3 Mechanical Harvesting 265
13.4 Automatic Harvesting Systems 265
13.5 Washing Mushrooms 267
13.6 Canning Mushrooms 268
13.7 Conclusions 268
References 269
14 Mushroom Farm Design and Technology of Cultivation 271
Behari Lal Dhar
14.1 Selection of Site and Pre-Requisites 272
14.2 Components of a Mushroom Farm 273
14.3 Mushroom Cultivation Technology 286
14.4 Environmental Crop Management 293
14.5 Cultivated Edible Specialty Mushrooms 295
References 307
15 Cultivation of Mushrooms in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 309
Katsuji Yamanaka
15.1 Introduction 309
15.2 Characteristics of Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 310
15.3 Cultivation Methods 319
15.4 Diseases in Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 333
15.5 Pests in Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 337
References 338
16 Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus 339
Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada and John Pecchia
16.1 Pleurotus Species as Edible Fungi 339
16.2 Pleurotus spp. as Recyclers 339
16.3 Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus 342
References 356
17 Characteristics, Production, and Marketing of the Sun Mushroom: The New Medicinal Cultivated Mushroom 361
Diego Cunha Zied, José Emilio Pardo González, Eustáquio Souza Dias and Arturo Pardo Giménez
17.1 Introduction 361
17.2 Morphological Characteristics 362
17.3 Spawn Production 363
17.4 Compost (Phase I and II) 364
17.5 Spawning and Mycelium Run 368
17.6 Casing Layer 368
17.7 Facilities used in the Production Process 370
17.8 Pinning and Harvest 371
17.9 Post-Harvest and Marketing 373
17.10 Medicinal and Chemical Characteristics of Mushrooms 375
17.11 Diseases and Pests 378
17.12 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) 382
Acknowledgments 382
References 382
18 Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum 385
Xuan]Wei Zhou
18.1 Introduction 385
18.2 Growing Conditions of Lingzhi 386
18.3 Cultivating Patterns 388
18.4 Production of the Substrate 392
18.5 Preparation of Spawns and Inoculation 394
18.6 Facilities 395
18.7 Genetic Breeding 397
18.8 Duration, Number of Flushes 400
18.9 Diseases and Pests in the Cultivation of Lingzhi 403
18.10 Medicinal Values 405
Acknowledgments 407
References 407
19 Naturally Occurring Strains of Edible Mushrooms: A Source to Improve the Mushroom Industry 415
Edgardo Albertó
19.1 Edible Species and Their Cultivation 415
19.2 Steps for the Domestication of Naturally Occurring Species 416
19.3 Finding New Species for the Mushroom Production Industry: A Look Back at the Last Few Years 418
19.4 Conclusions 423
References 423
20 Spent Mushroom Substrate Uses 427
Danny Lee Rinker
20.1 Introduction 427
20.2 Characteristics of Spent Substrate 428
20.3 Bioremediation 429
20.4 Crop Production 431
20.5 Reuse in the Cultivation of Mushrooms 432
20.6 Food for Animals and Fish 433
20.7 Pest Management 433
20.8 Other Varied Uses 434
20.9 Conclusion 435
References 435
21 Chemical, Nutritional, and Bioactive Potential of Mushrooms 455
Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira, Ângela Fernandes and Sandrina A. Heleno
21.1 Brief Introduction 455
21.2 Chemical Composition and Nutritional Properties 455
21.3 Bioactive Properties 476
21.4 Conclusions 493
References 493
22 Medicinal Properties and Clinical Effects of Medicinal Mushrooms 503
Solomon P. Wasser
22.1 Introduction 503
22.2 Current Perspectives and Advances 505
22.3 Medicinal Mushroom Drugs 507
22.4 Medicinal Mushroom Dietary Supplements 508
22.5 Evidences, Challenges, and Unsolved Problems 511
22.6 Medicinal Mushroom Natural Products as an Unclaimed Source for Drug Discovery 515
22.7 Unsolved Problems in the Study of Structural Characteristics, Isolation Process, Receptor-Mediated Mechanism and Antitumor Activity of MM β-Glucans 517
22.8 Medicinal Mushroom Clinical Studies 518
22.9 Conclusions 533
References 534
Index 541
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