Education : The Practice and Profession of Teaching

by McNergney, Robert F.; McNergney, Joanne M.

• ISBN13: 9780205485581
• ISBN10: 0205485588
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

With new cases in every chapter that bring readers into the real world of teaching, this widely admired text now integrates the core foundations of education with case-based analysis, practical examples of technology in the classroom, and personal encounters with diversity. Now more than ever teachers are being held accountable for results achieved by their students; now more than ever new teachers must be true education professionals, with a wide grasp of teaching knowledge and the ability to use it to solve real problems. This exciting new edition of "Education: The Practice and Profession of Teaching "melds comprehensive coverage of foundations topics with practical guidance on learning and instruction, and a wealth of insights into how authentic schools, classrooms, and educational systems function.

Table of Contents

Features	xv
Preface	xvii
Part I. Teaching from the Inside Out	1	(90)
A Teacher's Role	2	(28)
Case Study: Investigating Professionalism	2	(2)
Is Teaching a Profession?	4	(3)
Teaching Is a Profession	5	(1)
Teaching Is a Semiprofession	5	(2)
How Are Views of Teaching Changing?	7	(3)
Technology in Practice: Thinking and Behaving Like a Professional	8	(1)
A View of Teaching as Basic Professional Competence: INTASC	9	(1)
What Career Issues Do Beginning Teachers Face?	10	(5)
Teacher Licensure	10	(2)
Availability of Jobs	12	(2)
Teacher Salaries	14	(1)
Successfully Performing Responsibilities	15	(1)
How Are Teachers Evaluated?	15	(5)
Competency Testing	17	(1)
Performance Evaluations of Teachers	18	(1)
Portfolios	19	(1)
National Teacher Examinations: The Praxis Series™	19	(1)
How Are Teachers Supported and Rewarded?	20	(2)
Mentoring Programs	20	(1)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	20	(1)
Career Ladders and Merit Pay	21	(1)
National Certification	22	(1)
How Do Teachers Demonstrate Professional Leadership?	22	(8)
Advanced College Degrees	22	(1)
Working with Professional Organizations	23	(1)
Teachers and the Law: Must teachers pay union dues if they are not members?	23	(2)
Meeting the Challenges of Professional Practice	25	(1)
Case Perspectives	25	(2)
Summary	27	(1)
Terms and Concepts	27	(1)
Reflective Activity: Choosing a Teaching Path	27	(1)
Additional Readings	28	(1)
Web Resources	28	(2)
Challenges Teachers and Schools Face	30	(30)
Case Study: School Violence	30	(2)
What Are Society's Expectations for Schools?	32	(1)
How Does Poverty Place Students at Risk of School Failure?	33	(2)
How Can Schools Intervene to Help Students at Risk?	35	(6)
Providing Early Intervention Programs	36	(2)
Keeping Students in School	38	(1)
Providing Compensatory Education	38	(1)
Providing Before- and After-School Programs	39	(1)
Using the Arts to Engage Children	40	(1)
Providing Mentors and Tutors	40	(1)
How Can Schools Get Parents Involved in Their Children's Education?	41	(2)
Implementing Parental Involvement Programs	41	(1)
Providing Family Services through Full-Service Schools	42	(1)
How Can Schools Reduce Risks That Threaten Children's Health and Safety?	43	(17)
Teachers and the Law: What rights and responsibilities do teachers have in protecting students' online privacy?	44	(1)
Preventing and Curing Childhood Obesity	45	(1)
Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect	46	(1)
Preventing and Responding to Teen Pregnancy	47	(1)
Technology in Practice: Stopping Online Predators	48	(1)
Issues in School Reform: No Name-Calling	49	(1)
Preventing the Spread of AIDS and Other Communicable Diseases	49	(3)
Preventing Suicide and Accidental Injury or Death	52	(1)
Preventing School Violence	53	(2)
Preventing Substance Abuse	55	(1)
Case Perspectives	56	(1)
Summary	57	(1)
Terms and Concepts	58	(1)
Reflective Activity: The Achievement Gap	58	(1)
Additional Readings	59	(1)
Web Resources	59	(1)
The Richness of Classroom Cultures	60	(31)
Case Study: Are Some Curricula Discriminatory?	60	(2)
What Is Diversity?	62	(2)
Culture	62	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	63	(1)
What Other Concepts Define Diversity?	64	(7)
From the Perspective of Immigrants	64	(2)
From the Perspective of Being a Language Minority or Bilingual Person	66	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: Bias in the African American Community	66	(1)
From the Perspective of Gender	67	(1)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	68	(1)
From the Perspective of Exceptionality	69	(1)
From the Perspective of Sexual Orientation	70	(1)
What Is Multicultural Education?	71	(3)
Teaching the Culturally Different	72	(1)
Human Relations Approaches	73	(1)
Single-Group Studies	73	(1)
Multicultural Approaches	73	(1)
Education That Is Multicultural and Social Reconstructionist	74	(1)
What Types of Multicultural Education Curricula Exist, and How Are They Evaluated?	74	(3)
Accountability Issues	75	(2)
How Are Educational Services Adapted for Students with Exceptionalities?	77	(6)
Technology in Practice: Countering Prejudice	78	(1)
Delivering Services to Students with Disabilities	78	(2)
Issues in School Reform: Serving Children with Special Needs through Inclusion	80	(1)
Delivering Services to Gifted and Talented Students	81	(2)
How Can Teachers Create Culturally Relevant Classrooms?	83	(5)
Cultural Mismatches	83	(1)
Responsive Instruction	83	(1)
Case Perspectives	84	(2)
Summary	86	(1)
Terms and Concepts	86	(1)
Reflective Activity: One Immigrant's Success Story	86	(1)
Additional Readings	87	(1)
Web Resources	87	(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio: Digital Portfolios	88	(1)
Timeline: Historical and Philosophical Touchstones in Education	88	(1)
Online Activity: The Learning Network	89	(2)
Part II. Our Educational Heritage	91	(94)
Education in America: The Early Years	92	(32)
Case Study: The Long Shadow of History	92	(2)
Which Europeans Influenced Early Education?	94	(2)
Comenius: Value of Structure	94	(1)
Locke and Rousseau: Enlightened Views	94	(1)
Pestalozzi: Encouraging Development	95	(1)
Froebel: Start Early	95	(1)
How Did Informal Education Develop before the Civil War?	96	(6)
Education in the Southern Colonies	97	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: The Role of Competition in Learning	98	(1)
Education in the Middle Atlantic Colonies	99	(1)
Education in the New England Colonies	99	(1)
A National View of Education	100	(2)
What Were the Aims of Education?	102	(7)
The Role of Religion	102	(1)
Industry Affects Education	103	(1)
Teachers and the Law: How free are teachers to practice their religion?	104	(1)
Education for Slaves	104	(1)
Education for Native Americans	105	(1)
Education in Spain's American Colonies	106	(2)
Education for Women	108	(1)
Education for People with Disabilities	109	(1)
How Did Formal Education Develop in America before the Civil War?	109	(15)
Life in Colonial Schools	109	(2)
Curricula	111	(1)
Issues in School Reform: Children's Books Have Staying Power	112	(1)
Recognizing Educational Success and Failure	112	(1)
The Monitorial Method and the American Lyceum	113	(1)
The Latin School and the English Academy: No Girls Allowed	113	(1)
Early Ideas of Public Education	114	(1)
Leaders in the Movement for Universal Education	115	(1)
Technology in Practice: Turn on, Tune In--Leap for Joy!	116	(1)
The Development of Parochial Schools	116	(1)
The Growth of Institutions of Higher Education	117	(2)
Case Perspectives	119	(2)
Summary	121	(1)
Terms and Concepts	121	(1)
Reflective Activity: Eliza Pinckney	121	(1)
Additional Readings	122	(1)
Web Resources	123	(1)
Education in America: Then and Now	124	(34)
Case Study: Where Do I Fit?	124	(2)
How Did Educational Life Change after the Civil War?	126	(6)
Ending Slavery and Reconstructing the South	126	(1)
We Need Educational and Social Reform	127	(1)
Science and Philanthropy Combine to Educate	128	(1)
Learning from Mass Media	129	(1)
Federal Influence on Education	129	(2)
Teachers and the Law: Has NCLB changed the rules on prayer in public schools?	131	(1)
Who Are ``We the People''?	132	(11)
Native Americans	132	(2)
European Americans	134	(1)
Technology in Practice: Accessing History	135	(1)
African Americans	135	(2)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	137	(1)
Hispanic Americans	138	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: Illegal Immigrants	139	(1)
Asian Americans	140	(1)
Exceptional Learners in America	141	(1)
American Women	142	(1)
How Did Teaching Change after the Civil War?	143	(2)
Status of Women in Teaching Changes	143	(1)
The Progressive Movement Begins	144	(1)
Trying to Educate the Nation	144	(1)
How Have Schools Changed During the Modern Era?	145	(4)
Consolidation and Bureaucratization	145	(1)
New Links between Schools and Communities	145	(1)
Rise of Preschools	146	(1)
The Middle School Movement	146	(1)
Comprehensive High Schools	146	(1)
Homeschooling	147	(1)
Adult Education	148	(1)
Opportunities for Higher Education	148	(1)
Why Was Curriculum So Important?	149	(3)
Standardized Curriculum	150	(1)
Diversified Curriculum	150	(1)
Censorship and Core Curricula	151	(1)
Innovative Curriculum	151	(1)
How Do We Typically Judge Educational Success and Failure?	152	(6)
Case Perspectives	153	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Terms and Concepts	154	(1)
Reflective Activity: Cycles of Education	155	(1)
Additional Readings	156	(1)
Web Resources	157	(1)
Why Teachers Behave As They Do	158	(27)
Case Study: Developing Civic Attitudes	158	(2)
What Does Philosophy Have to Do with You As a Teacher?	160	(1)
Philosophy Influences Education	160	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: The Core Philosophies of Public Schools	161	(1)
What Are the Roots of American Educational Philosophies?	161	(4)
Idealism	162	(1)
Realism	163	(1)
Humanism	164	(1)
What Modern Philosophies Influence Western Education?	165	(8)
Existentialism	165	(2)
Marxism	167	(1)
Behaviorism and Cognitivism	168	(1)
Pragmatism	169	(1)
Technology in Practice: Pragmatism at Work	170	(1)
Perennialism and Essentialism	171	(1)
Social Reconstuctionism	172	(1)
What Non-Western Philosophies Influence American Education?	173	(4)
Hinduism	174	(1)
Buddhism	174	(1)
Islam	175	(1)
African and Native American Philosophies	176	(1)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	176	(1)
What Shapes Teachers' Personal Philosophies of Education?	177	(5)
Learning from Teaching: Reflection	177	(1)
Case Perspectives	178	(1)
Summary	179	(1)
Terms and Concepts	179	(1)
Reflective Activity: Philosophical Differences	179	(1)
Additional Readings	180	(1)
Web Resources	181	(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio: Your Own Philosophy of Teaching	182	(1)
Timeline: Professional Teaching in a Diverse Society	182	(1)
Online Activity: Exploring the Library of Congress	183	(2)
Part III. Education from the Outside In	185	(102)
Where Teachers Work: Schools	186	(30)
Case Study: A Rose by Any Other Name	186	(2)
How Is Public Schooling Organized in the United States?	188	(8)
School Districts	188	(1)
Types of Schools	189	(1)
Early Childhood Education	190	(1)
Kindergarten	191	(1)
Elementary Schools	192	(1)
Junior High Schools and Middle Schools	192	(1)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	193	(1)
High Schools	194	(1)
Higher Education	194	(1)
Issues in School Reform: School Consolidation	195	(1)
What Are Some Schooling Alternatives?	196	(6)
Magnet Schools	196	(1)
Vocational-Technical Schools	197	(1)
Montessori and Waldorf Schools	197	(1)
Private and Independent Schools	198	(1)
Teachers and the Law: Does a public school have to accept a student's credit for a private school course?	199	(1)
For-Profit Schools	200	(1)
Charter Schools	200	(1)
Parochial Schools	200	(2)
Home Schools	202	(1)
How Are Schools Administered?	202	(2)
The School Superintendent	203	(1)
Principals and Assistant Principals	204	(1)
What Organizational and Policy Issues Do Schools Face?	204	(4)
Retention	205	(1)
Class Schedule and Class Size	205	(2)
Technology in Practice: Recognizing and Promoting School Quality	207	(1)
Tracking	207	(1)
What Makes Some Schools More Effective Than Others?	208	(8)
Positive School Environments	209	(1)
Relations between Home and School	209	(2)
Case Perspectives	211	(2)
Summary	213	(1)
Terms and Concepts	213	(1)
Reflective Activity: A New Paradigm for School Goals	213	(1)
Additional Readings	214	(1)
Web Resources	215	(1)
Leading, Governing, and Funding Schools	216	(34)
Case Study: Scopes Revisited	216	(2)
What Are School Governance and Education Finance?	218	(7)
How Schools Are Run	218	(1)
How Schools Are Funded	218	(1)
Connections between Education and the Economy	219	(1)
Political Influences on Public Education	220	(1)
Issues in School Reform: Leadership in an Age of Reform	221	(4)
How Does the Federal Government Influence Education?	225	(2)
Federal Funding for Education	225	(2)
How Is Education Financed and Controlled by the States?	227	(7)
State Funding	228	(2)
State Education Oversight	230	(3)
Cooperation among School Districts	233	(1)
How Are Schools Financed and Managed at the Local Level?	234	(5)
Property Taxes	234	(1)
Local School Boards	235	(1)
School District Budgets	235	(1)
Technology in Practice: How Do Schools' Expenditures and Revenues Compare?	236	(3)
How Are Governance and Funding Related to Educational Success?	239	(11)
The Issue of Funding Equity	240	(2)
The Issue of School Choice	242	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: Public Support for Private Schools?	243	(1)
The Issue of Site-Based Management	244	(1)
Case Perspectives	245	(2)
Summary	247	(1)
Terms and Concepts	247	(1)
Reflective Activity: School Board Membership	247	(1)
Additional Readings	248	(1)
Web Resources	249	(1)
The Influence of the Law	250	(37)
Case Study: To Catch a Thief	250	(2)
How Does Government Influence Education?	252	(1)
What Legal Principles Affect Public Education?	253	(3)
What Are Parents' Rights and Responsibilities?	256	(3)
A Question of Religious Principle	256	(1)
You Can't Spank My Child!	257	(1)
Do Some Parents Have Special Rights?	258	(1)
What Are Students' Rights and Responsibilities?	259	(3)
In God Somebody Trusts	259	(2)
Playing Fairly	261	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: Zero Tolerance	262	(5)
Show Me What's In There!	263	(1)
Are There Limits on Student Expression?	264	(1)
Treating Different Students Differently---Illegal Discrimination?	265	(1)
Would You Check These Papers for Me?	266	(1)
What Are Teachers' Rights and Responsibilities?	267	(7)
There's Got to Be a Way to Keep This Job!	267	(1)
A Line between Personhood and Professionalism	268	(1)
What Do You Mean I'm Violating Copyright Laws?	269	(1)
Maybe She Is Just a Sickly Child	270	(1)
You Should Have Known Better	271	(3)
Technology in Practice: Online Training for Recognizing Child Neglect and Abuse	274	(1)
What Are School Districts' Rights and Responsibilities?	274	(10)
Balancing Academic Freedom	274	(1)
Equal Treatment	275	(1)
How Could You Let This Happen to a Student?	276	(1)
Somebody Will Pay!	277	(1)
What Kind of Choice Is This?	278	(1)
Case Perspectives	279	(1)
Summary	280	(1)
Terms and Concepts	280	(1)
Reflective Activity: Sexual Harassment	280	(2)
Additional Readings	282	(1)
Web Resources	283	(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio: Planning Your Professional Development	284	(1)
Timeline: Important Events in Educational Governance, Finance, and Law	284	(1)
Online Activity: Oyez Project	285	(2)
Part IV. Helping Students Succeed	287	(66)
Curriculum and Instruction	288	(36)
Case Study: Reaching Every Student	288	(2)
What Is Curriculum?	290	(3)
Explicit and Implicit Curricula	290	(1)
Null Curriculum	291	(1)
Extracurriculum	292	(1)
Integrated Curriculum	292	(1)
What Forces for Change Affect Curriculum Content?	293	(8)
Voices Pro and Con: To Standardize or Not to Standardize the Curriculum?	294	(1)
The National Interest	294	(1)
Teachers and the Law: Can students be required to recite the Pledge of Allegiance?	295	(1)
State and Local Priorities	295	(1)
Social Issues and Public Opinion	296	(1)
Professional Groups and Individuals	296	(3)
Educational Publishing and Mass Media	299	(2)
How Are Curriculum and Instruction Planned and Organized?	301	(3)
Aims of Education	301	(1)
Teacher Planning for Instruction	301	(3)
What Are Four General Models of Instruction?	304	(7)
Issues in School Reform: Improving Achievement	305	(1)
Behavioral Systems Strategies	305	(1)
Social Strategies	306	(2)
Information-Processing Strategies	308	(1)
Personal Sources Strategies	309	(1)
Technology in Practice: Technologies Old and New Make for Creative Curriculum	310	(1)
What Is Effective Instruction?	311	(5)
Understanding Students	312	(1)
Communicating	313	(1)
Creative Learning Environments	313	(1)
Adapting Instruction for Students with Special Needs	314	(1)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	315	(1)
Evaluating Student Learning	315	(1)
How Do Teachers Manage Students Effectively?	316	(8)
Research Informs Teacher Management Behavior	316	(1)
Relationships between Teachers and Students	317	(1)
Classroom Management: An Environment of Self-Control	318	(1)
Case Perspectives	319	(1)
Summary	320	(1)
Terms and Concepts	320	(1)
Reflective Activity: Making Real-Life Connections	320	(1)
Additional Readings	321	(1)
Web Resources	322	(2)
Recognizing Educational Success: Standards and Assessment	324	(29)
Case Study: Dodging Academic Disaster	324	(2)
How Do We Know What Works in Education?	326	(6)
Personal Standards	326	(2)
National Goals and Standards	328	(1)
The Nation's Report Card	328	(1)
State Standards	329	(1)
Issues in School Reform: Measuring Progress under NCLB	330	(1)
Opportunity Standards	331	(1)
What Types of Classroom Assessments Do Teachers Use?	332	(12)
Classroom Assessment Triad	333	(1)
Cognition and Learning	333	(1)
Standardized Testing	334	(2)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	336	(1)
Minimum Competency Testing	336	(1)
Asking Questions	337	(1)
Authentic Assessment	338	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: Grading	339	(2)
Grading and Recommendations	341	(1)
Student's Role	342	(1)
Technology in Practice: Rubrics	343	(1)
How Can Teachers Know Whether They Are Assessing Students Fairly?	344	(6)
Bias in Assessment	344	(1)
Teaching to the Test	344	(1)
Multiple Measures	345	(1)
Case Perspectives	346	(1)
Summary	347	(1)
Terms and Concepts	347	(1)
Reflective Activity: Arithmetic Test	348	(1)
Additional Readings	349	(1)
Web Resources	349	(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio: Assessing Students through Observation	350	(1)
Timeline: Milestones in Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment	350	(1)
Online Activity: Teaching with Census Information	351	(2)
Part V. A Connected Future	353	(70)
A Global Educational Context	354	(34)
Case Study: The USA as International Magnet	354	(2)
Why Learn about Educational Life Outside the United States?	356	(4)
Preparing for the Future	356	(1)
Voices Pro and Con: Are There Global Limits to Our Tolerance?	357	(1)
Becoming Globally Aware	358	(2)
Why Study Educational Policy in Other Countries?	360	(17)
Education in Canada	361	(1)
Education in Mexico	362	(1)
Technology in Practice: Let the Machine Do the Translation?	363	(2)
Education in Japan	365	(3)
Education in India	368	(2)
Education in the United Kingdom	370	(3)
Education in Singapore	373	(2)
Education in South Africa	375	(2)
How Might We Enhance Understanding of Global Interdependence?	377	(11)
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study	377	(1)
Issues in School Reform: Will Jordan Lead the Way in Educational Reform in the Middle East?	378	(1)
International Comparisons: Smoke and Mirrors?	379	(1)
Comparisons that Foster a Global View	380	(3)
Case Perspectives	383	(2)
Summary	385	(1)
Terms and Concepts	385	(1)
Reflective Activity: Project Cuba	385	(1)
Additional Readings	386	(1)
Web Resources	387	(1)
What Lies Ahead	388	(35)
Case Study: Looking to the Future	388	(2)
How Are Teachers' Professional Roles Changing?	390	(7)
Trends toward Common Educational Expectations	390	(1)
Cultural Awareness: Lessons Learned	391	(1)
Trends toward Comprehensive Curriculum and Assessment	392	(2)
Trends toward Education for Diversity	394	(1)
Trends toward Defining Diversity in Economic Terms	395	(1)
Trends toward Character Education	395	(2)
How Are Links to Technology Changing the Foundations of Education?	397	(8)
Distance Learning	400	(1)
Telecommunications Capabilities in the Schools	401	(1)
Technology in Practice: Blogging, Vloging, and Podcasting	402	(3)
How Are Small Schools Transforming Teaching and Learning?	405	(1)
Targeting Students at Risk	406	(5)
Increasing Parental Involvement	409	(1)
Enhancing Relationships among Educators	409	(2)
How Can Professional Educators Prepare for the Future?	411	(9)
Using Professional Knowledge	411	(4)
Reflecting on Professional Practice	415	(2)
Case Perspectives	417	(1)
Summary	418	(1)
Terms and Concepts	418	(1)
Reflective Activity: Turning Classrooms Over to Interns	418	(1)
Additional Readings	419	(1)
Web Resources	419	(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio: Preparing Your Resume	420	(1)
Timeline: From the Past Comes the Future	420	(2)
Online Activity: Teaching Overseas	422	(1)
Glossary	423	(8)
References	431	(12)
Name Index	443	(6)
Subject Index	449