Educational Administration : Concepts and Practices

by Lunenburg, Fred C.; Ornstein, Allan C.

• ISBN13: 9780534559984
• ISBN10: 0534559980
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-12-06
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES, the most comprehensive and respected text on the market, discusses all topics covered by other educational administration texts, and MORE: culture, change, curriculum, personnel administration, diversity, effective teaching strategies, and supervision of instruction. Topics are covered in a direct and easy-to-understand manner, with an excellent blend of theory and practice.

Table of Contents

Administrative Advice	xiii
Pro/Con Debates	xv
Forward	xvi
Preface	xvii
The Authors	xiv
I Fundamental Principles and Concepts	1	(86)
Development of Administrative Theory	2	(22)
Focusing Questions	2	(1)
Theory	2	(3)
Functions of Theories	3	(2)
Classical Organizational Theory	5	(3)
Scientific Management	5	(1)
Administrative Management	6	(2)
Human Relations Approach	8	(2)
The Hawthorne Studies	8	(1)
Other Contributors to the Human Relations Approach	9	(1)
Behavioral Science Approach	10	(4)
The Individual and the Organization	10	(2)
Leadership	12	(2)
Development of Administrative Thought	14	(1)
Systems Theory	14	(6)
Basic Systems Model	16	(1)
A Systems View of School Administration	16	(4)
Summary	20	(1)
Key Terms	20	(1)
Discussion Questions	20	(2)
Suggested Readings	22	(2)
Organizational Structure	24	(35)
Focusing Questions	24	(1)
Basic Concepts of Organizational Structure	24	(3)
Job Specialization	25	(1)
Departmentalization	25	(1)
Chain of Command	25	(1)
Authority and Responsibility	26	(1)
Centralization/Decentralization	26	(1)
Line and Staff Authority	26	(1)
Span of Management	27	(1)
The Bureaucratic Model	27	(3)
Bureaucratic Characteristics	27	(2)
Bureaucratic Dysfunctions	29	(1)
The Participatory Management Model	30	(12)
Theory X and Theory Y	31	(1)
Individual versus Organization	31	(1)
System 4 Organization	32	(3)
Shaping School Culture	35	(1)
Moral Leadership	35	(1)
School-Based Management	36	(1)
Total Quality Management	37	(3)
Frames of Organization	40	(2)
Alternative Models of Organizational Structure	42	(10)
Compliance Theory	42	(1)
Mechanistic-Organic Organization	43	(4)
Strategy-Structure Typology	47	(5)
The School as a Social System	52	(4)
Dimensions of a Social System	52	(1)
Expanded Model: Cultural Dimensions	53	(2)
Getzel's Latest Model: Communities Dimension	55	(1)
Summary	56	(1)
Key Terms	57	(1)
Discussion Questions	57	(1)
Suggested Readings	57	(2)
Organizational Culture	59	(28)
Focusing Questions	59	(1)
The Nature of Organizational Culture	59	(3)
Definition and Characteristics	60	(1)
Uniformity of Culture	61	(1)
Developing, Maintaining, and Changing Organizational Culture	62	(5)
Creating Organizational Culture	62	(1)
Maintaining Organizational Culture	63	(3)
Changing Organizational Culture	66	(1)
Effects of Organizational Culture	67	(6)
Views of Excellence	68	(2)
Theory Z	70	(2)
A Typology of Organizational Culture	72	(1)
Organizational Climate	73	(12)
Open-Closed Climates	74	(2)
Healthy-Sick Schools	76	(1)
Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments (CASE)	77	(3)
Pupil Control Ideology	80	(5)
Summary	85	(1)
Key Terms	85	(1)
Discussion Questions	85	(1)
Suggested Readings	85	(2)
II Administrative Processes	87	(148)
Motivation	88	(24)
Focusing Questions	88	(1)
Defining Motivation	88	(2)
Content Theories	90	(10)
Need Hierarchy Theory	90	(3)
Motivation-Hygiene Theory	93	(5)
Existence Relatedness Growth Theory	98	(2)
Process Theories	100	(8)
Expectancy Theory	100	(4)
Equity Theory	104	(3)
Goal-Setting Theory	107	(1)
Summary	108	(2)
Key Terms	110	(1)
Discussion Questions	110	(1)
Suggested Readings	110	(2)
Leadership	112	(43)
Focusing Questions	112	(1)
The Nature of Leadership	112	(5)
Sources of Leader Influence	114	(1)
Research on Sources of Leader Influence	115	(2)
A New Concept of Power	117	(1)
Leader Traits	117	(7)
Traits of Leaders Compared with Nonleaders	117	(1)
Traits of Effective Leaders	118	(2)
Assessment Centers: Using Traits and Skills to Select Leaders	120	(4)
The Assessment Center Process	124	(1)
Leadership Behavior	124	(6)
The Iowa Studies: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Leadership	125	(2)
The Ohio State Studies: Initiating Structure and Consideration	127	(2)
The Michigan Studies: Production Centered and Employee Centered	129	(1)
Leadership Behavior Theories: Similarities and Conclusions	129	(1)
Contingency Leadership	130	(9)
Fiedler's Contingency Theory	132	(4)
Path-Goal Theory	136	(3)
Leadership Styles	139	(9)
Leadership Style Continuum	139	(3)
Leadership Grid® Styles	142	(1)
Three-Dimensional Leadership Styles	142	(3)
Situational Leadership Styles	145	(3)
Other Contemporary Perspectives	148	(3)
Vertical Dyad Linkage Model	148	(1)
Reciprocal Influence Theory	149	(1)
Substitutes for Leadership	149	(1)
Transformational Leadership	150	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Key Terms	152	(1)
Discussion Questions	152	(1)
Suggested Readings	153	(2)
Decision Making	155	(25)
Focusing Questions	155	(1)
The Nature of Decision Making	155	(1)
Models of Decision Making	156	(10)
The Classical Decision-Making Model	157	(3)
The Behavioral Decision-Making Model	160	(3)
The Vroom-Yetton Normative Model	163	(3)
Benefits of Site-Based Decision Making	166	(3)
Problems in Site-Based Decision Making	169	(3)
Groupthink	169	(2)
Risky Shift	171	(1)
Escalation of Commitment	172	(1)
Site-Based Decision-Making Techniques	172	(5)
Brainstorming	172	(2)
Nominal Group Technique	174	(1)
Delphi Technique	175	(1)
Devil's Advocacy	176	(1)
Dialectical Inquiry	176	(1)
Summary	177	(1)
Key Terms	177	(2)
Discussion Questions	179	(1)
Suggested Readings	179	(1)
Communication	180	(26)
Focusing Questions	180	(1)
The Importance of Communication	180	(1)
The Communication Process	181	(2)
Ideating	181	(1)
Encoding	182	(1)
Transmitting	182	(1)
Receiving	182	(1)
Decoding	182	(1)
Acting	182	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	183	(2)
Direction of Communication	185	(4)
Downward Communication	185	(1)
Upward Communication	186	(2)
Horizontal Communication	188	(1)
Diagonal Communication	188	(1)
The Grapevine	188	(1)
Communication Networks	189	(5)
Network Patterns	189	(2)
Network Analysis	191	(3)
Barriers to Communication	194	(5)
Frames of Reference	194	(2)
Filtering	196	(1)
Structure	196	(1)
Information Overload	197	(1)
Semantics	198	(1)
Status Differences	198	(1)
Overcoming Barriers to Communication	199	(5)
Repetition	199	(1)
Empathy	199	(1)
Understanding	199	(1)
Feedback	200	(1)
Listening	201	(3)
Summary	204	(1)
Key Terms	204	(1)
Discussion Questions	204	(1)
Suggested Readings	204	(2)
Organizational Change	206	(29)
Focusing Questions	206	(1)
Schools as Open Systems	207	(1)
Pressures for Organizational Change	208	(3)
Government Intervention in Schools	208	(1)
Society's Values	209	(1)
Technological Change and Knowledge Explosion	210	(1)
Processes and People	210	(1)
Resistance to Change	211	(5)
Causes of Resistance to Change	211	(2)
Reducing Resistance to Change	213	(3)
Individual Approaches to Change	216	(9)
Job Enrichment	216	(2)
Laboratory Training	218	(2)
Behavior Modification	220	(2)
Transactional Analysis	222	(3)
Group Approaches to Change	225	(6)
Role Analysis Technique	225	(2)
Intergroup Problem Solving	227	(1)
Process Consultation	228	(1)
Survey Feedback	229	(2)
Strategic Planning	231	(1)
Summary	231	(1)
Key Terms	232	(1)
Discussion Questions	233	(1)
Suggested Readings	234	(1)
III The Structural Framework for Education	235	(196)
The Federal and State Government and Education	236	(48)
Focusing Questions	236	(1)
The Federal Role in Education	236	(1)
Changing Roles in the Federal Government and Education	237	(5)
Current Period: 1980s and 1990s	237	(2)
Clarifying the Federal Role in Education	239	(1)
The Department of Education	240	(2)
Congressional Influence on Education	242	(1)
Federal Programs and Activities in Education	243	(9)
Grants for Schools	243	(1)
Grants for Colleges	243	(1)
Vocational Education Acts	244	(1)
Relief Acts	244	(1)
War Acts	245	(1)
National Defense Education Act	245	(1)
Compensatory Education Acts	245	(1)
Title IX	246	(1)
Bilingual Education	246	(2)
Education for the Handicapped	248	(2)
Educational Consolidation and Improvement Act (ECIA)	250	(2)
National Reform of Education	252	(9)
The Call for Excellence	253	(7)
Need for Caution	260	(1)
State Government and Education	261	(7)
State Hierarchy of Education	261	(1)
The Governor	262	(2)
State Legislatures	264	(3)
State Courts	267	(1)
State Education Agencies	268	(4)
The State Board of Education	269	(1)
Chief State School Officer	270	(1)
State Departments of Education	271	(1)
State Reform Movements	272	(6)
Lessons to Be Learned	274	(1)
State-School District Relationship	275	(3)
Guidelines for Reform	278	(2)
Summary	280	(2)
Key Terms	282	(1)
Discussion Questions	283	(1)
Suggested Readings	283	(1)
Local School Districts	284	(64)
Focusing Questions	284	(1)
Local School Policy	284	(1)
Organization of School Districts	285	(10)
Size of School Districts	286	(1)
Number of School Districts	287	(2)
Students and Schools	289	(1)
Consolidation of School Districts	289	(2)
Decentralization of School Districts	291	(4)
Local School Boards	295	(10)
School Board-Public Problems	296	(1)
School Board Meetings	297	(1)
School Board Responsibilities	298	(3)
School Board Views on School Reform	301	(3)
State Standards: A National Movement	304	(1)
The School Superintendent	305	(15)
The Superintendent's Job	305	(1)
Superintendents' Salary and Performance	306	(2)
Up the Professional Ladder	308	(3)
The Superintendent and the School Board	311	(2)
Superintendents' Problems and Performance	313	(5)
Superintendents' Skill Areas	318	(2)
The Central Staff	320	(6)
Large Districts: Increased Central Offices	321	(1)
Small Districts: Understaffed Central Offices	322	(1)
Organizational Hierarchy	323	(1)
Efficiency Ratios	323	(3)
The Principal and the School	326	(19)
Conditions, Employment, and Trends	326	(3)
Leadership Role of the Principal	329	(4)
Managerial Role of the Principal	333	(1)
Curriculum-Instructional Role of the Principal	334	(2)
Effective Principals	336	(1)
Evaluation of Principals	337	(3)
Training and Preparation of Principals	340	(3)
Planning by Principals	343	(2)
Summary	345	(2)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Discussion Questions	347	(1)
Suggested Readings	347	(1)
School Finance and Productivity	348	(42)
Focusing Questions	348	(1)
Education and Economics	348	(2)
Tax Sources of School Revenues	350	(1)
Local Financing of Public Schools	351	(4)
Property Tax	352	(1)
User Fees	352	(1)
Tobacco Settlement	353	(1)
Urban/Suburban Disparities	353	(1)
Municipal and Educational Overburden	353	(1)
Spending versus Outcomes	354	(1)
State Financing of Public Schools	355	(4)
Sales Tax	355	(1)
Personal Income Tax	356	(1)
Lotteries and Other State Taxes	356	(1)
The States' Ability to Finance Education	357	(2)
State Financial Responsibility	359	(4)
State Funding Methods	359	(1)
School Budgeting	360	(3)
School Effectiveness and Productivity	363	(7)
Size of Schools	363	(3)
Effective Schools	366	(1)
Effective School Indicators	367	(3)
School Finance Trends	370	(4)
Streamlining Budgets	371	(3)
Environmental Hazards	374	(6)
Asbestos	374	(1)
Radon Gas	375	(1)
Electromagnetic Fields	376	(1)
School Lead	377	(2)
Indoor Air Quality	379	(1)
School Infrastructure Costs	380	(3)
Financing School Construction	383	(2)
International Comparisons of Education Spending	385	(2)
Summary	387	(1)
Key Terms	387	(2)
Discussion Questions	389	(1)
Suggested Readings	389	(1)
Legal Considerations and Education	390	(41)
Focusing Questions	390	(1)
Legal Framework for Public Education	390	(4)
Federal Role in Education	391	(1)
State Role in Education	392	(1)
The Courts	393	(1)
The Law and Professional Personnel	394	(13)
Certification	395	(1)
Contracts	396	(1)
Termination of Employment	397	(2)
Discrimination in Employment	399	(4)
Tort Liability	403	(4)
The Law and Students	407	(12)
School Attendance	407	(4)
Student Discipline	411	(2)
Freedom of Expression	413	(3)
Classification Practices	416	(3)
The Law and State Issues	419	(8)
School Desegregation	419	(1)
Church-State Relations	420	(3)
Financing Education	423	(4)
Summary	427	(1)
Key Terms	427	(1)
Discussion Questions	428	(1)
Suggested Readings	429	(2)
IV Administration of Programs and Services	431	(158)
Curriculum Development and Implementation	432	(42)
Focusing Questions	432	(1)
Curriculum Definitions and Approaches	433	(7)
Behavioral Approach	433	(2)
Managerial Approach	435	(1)
Systems Approach	436	(3)
Humanistic Approach	439	(1)
Curriculum Development	440	(8)
Tyler: Behavioral Model	440	(3)
Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis: Managerial Model	443	(1)
Macdonald: Systems Model	444	(2)
Weinstein and Fantini: Humanistic Model	446	(1)
Nontechnical Model	446	(2)
Components of Curriculum Development	448	(5)
Criteria for Selecting Content	448	(1)
Criteria for Selecting Learning Experiences	449	(1)
Educational Environments	450	(1)
Leadership Considerations	451	(2)
The Roles of the Curriculum Worker	453	(4)
Responsibilities of the Curriculum Worker	454	(1)
The Teacher and the Curriculum	455	(2)
How Implementation Occurs	457	(5)
Incrementalism	457	(2)
Communication	459	(1)
Cooperation	459	(2)
Support	461	(1)
Implementation as a Change Process	462	(9)
Change Typologies	463	(1)
Resistance to Change	464	(1)
Improving Receptivity to Change	465	(2)
Guidelines for Change	467	(2)
Leadership and Change	469	(1)
Change and Collaboration	470	(1)
Summary	471	(1)
Key Terms	472	(1)
Discussion Questions	473	(1)
Suggested Readings	473	(1)
Analyzing and Improving Teaching	474	(43)
Focusing Questions	474	(1)
Review of the Research on Teaching	475	(1)
Teacher Styles	476	(1)
Research on Teacher Styles	476	(1)
Teacher Interaction	477	(6)
Verbal Communication	478	(3)
Nonverbal Communication	481	(1)
Teacher Expectations	482	(1)
Teacher Characteristics	483	(2)
Research on Teacher Characteristics	484	(1)
Teacher Effects	485	(5)
The Gage Model	486	(1)
The Good and Brophy Model	486	(1)
The Evertson and Emmer Model	487	(1)
The Master Teacher	488	(1)
Cautions and Criticisms	489	(1)
Teacher Contexts: New Research, New Paradigms	490	(7)
Metaphors	492	(1)
Stories	493	(1)
Biographies and Autobiographies	494	(1)
The Expert Teacher	495	(1)
Voice	496	(1)
Helping the Beginning Teacher	497	(3)
Problems of Education Students and Beginning Teachers	498	(1)
How Beginning Teachers (Novices) Teach	499	(1)
Support from Colleagues for Beginning Teachers	500	(3)
Self-Evaluation	503	(2)
Reflection	505	(1)
Alternative Forms of Teacher Evaluation	506	(1)
Supervisory Evaluation and Assistance	507	(3)
Staff Development and Technology	510	(4)
Summary	514	(1)
Key Terms	514	(1)
Discussion Questions	515	(1)
Suggested Readings	516	(1)
Human Resource Management	517	(43)
Focusing Questions	517	(1)
The Human Resource Management Process	517	(1)
Human Resource Planning	518	(7)
Job Analysis	518	(3)
Forecasting Demand and Supply	521	(1)
Legal Constraints	522	(3)
Affirmative Action Programs	525	(1)
Recruitment	525	(4)
Internal Sources	526	(1)
External Sources	527	(2)
Internal versus External Recruitment	529	(1)
Selection	529	(8)
Biographical Information	529	(2)
Reference Checks	531	(2)
Interviews	533	(1)
Tests	534	(3)
Assessment Centers	537	(1)
Hiring Decision	537	(1)
Training and Development	537	(2)
Assessment of Training Needs	538	(1)
Training Techniques	539	(1)
Evaluating the Training Program	539	(1)
Performance Appraisal	539	(6)
Performance Appraisal Methods	540	(4)
Rating Errors	544	(1)
Compensation	545	(3)
Wages and Salaries	546	(2)
Benefits	548	(1)
Union-Management Relations	548	(7)
Union Membership	548	(1)
Collective Bargaining	548	(7)
Summary	555	(2)
Key Terms	557	(1)
Discussion Questions	557	(2)
Suggested Readings	559	(1)
Careers in Educational Administration	560	(29)
Focusing Questions	560	(1)
The Concept of Career	560	(1)
Career Stages	561	(4)
Apprentice	561	(1)
Independent Contributor	562	(1)
Mentor	563	(1)
Sponsor	564	(1)
Managing Career Stress	565	(5)
Sources of Stress	565	(2)
Effects of Stress	567	(1)
Coping with Stress	568	(2)
Career Development	570	(5)
Career Planning	570	(3)
Career Management	573	(2)
Administrator Preparation Programs	575	(4)
An Agenda for Reform	576	(1)
Restructuring Efforts Under Way	577	(2)
Women and Minorities in Educational Administration	579	(5)
Women in Educational Administration	579	(2)
Racial Minorities in Educational Administration	581	(1)
Programs for Women and Minorities	582	(2)
Summary	584	(1)
Key Terms	585	(1)
Discussion Questions	585	(1)
Suggested Readings	585	(4)
Name Index	589	(10)
Subject Index	599