Educational Foundations An Anthology

by Chartock, Roselle Kline

• ISBN13: 9780130987464
• ISBN10: 0130987468
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-17
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

A very readable book that includes dozens of excerpts from novels, biographies, memoirs, lectures, essays, plays, poetry, and songs, this anthology provides readers with a broad range of opinions, scenarios, and perspectives on education. It examines diversity beyond race, religion, and ethnicity, and addresses a wide range of topics and issues, especially controversial events, movements, and mandates. Interviews, dramatizations, and debates help subjects come alive, making the selections more meaningful.The selections are divided into six important themes: history, philosophy, politics and sociology of education, the nature of schools, and the teaching profession. Each section begins with an illustration from a Norman Rockwell painting, helping readers visualize that theme.An obvious choice for educators, this book is also an excellent read for anyone interested in the social and historical trends in education.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Acknowledgments	ix
Brief Contents	xi
Chapter 1 Teacher Behavior, Teacher Roles: Teacher Ethics and Experiences	1	(62)
Brief Background	4	(1)
Selections	5	(1)
1.1 Work of Art: The School Teacher (1956), Norman Rockwell	6	(4)
Artist Norman Rockwell's portrayal of the stereotypical schoolteacher can serve as a springboard for a lively discussion of teacher roles, identities, and behavior.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	9	(1)
Activities and Projects	9	(1)
1.2 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1963), James Hilton	10	(5)
A traditional teacher can be as endearing and effective as a more child-centered one.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	12	(1)
Activities and Projects	13	(2)
1.3 Good Morning, Miss Dove (1954), Frances Gray Patton	15	(4)
Miss Dove's style raises a number of debatable issues related to disciplinary techniques, pedagogy, and curriculum.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	17	(1)
Activities and Projects	18	(1)
1.4 What Lisa Knew (1900), Joyce Johnson	19	(3)
Could Lisa Steinberg's death because of abuse and neglect have been prevented by her teacher, mandated by law to report suspected abuse?
Questions for Discussion and Debate	21	(1)
Activities and Projects	22	(1)
1.5 Small Victories (1990), Samuel G. Freedman	22	(8)
Trace Jessica Siegel's journey from novice to veteran teacher as well as the diverse activities and emotions of the teachers at Seward Park High School.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	28	(1)
Activities and Projects	29	(1)
1.6 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943), Betty Smith	30	(4)
Francie Nolan's first school is bearable only because of two special teachers, one in music, the other in art.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	32	(1)
Activities and Projects	33	(1)
1.7 The Chocolate War (1974), Robert Cormier	34	(6)
The startling and sadistic behavior of an ambitious and intimidating interim headmaster at a New England boarding school challenges assumptions about the goals that motivate teachers.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	38	(1)
Activities and Projects	39	(1)
1.8 "Professional Standards for Teachers" (2001), Massachusetts Department of Education	40	(5)
The Massachusetts Department of Education's "Regulations for Educator Licensure" outline standards to be met by teachers in curriculum planning, effective instruction, classroom management, promotion of equity, and professional responsibilities.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	42	(1)
Activities and Projects	43	(2)
1.9 Among Schoolchildren (1989), Tracy Kidder	45	(8)
A fifth-grade teacher takes on the role of cooperating teacher and mentor concerned about the development of a student intern who finds herself tested "among schoolchildren."
Questions for Discussion and Debate	52	(1)
Activities and Projects	52	(1)
1.10 "Attention, Class!!! 16 Ways to Be a Smarter Teacher" (2001), Chuck Salter	53	(7)
An excellent and comprehensive list of effective teaching behaviors serves as a guide as you establish your own style of teaching.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	58	(1)
Activities and Projects	59	(1)
Chapter References	60	(1)
Additional Readings	61	(2)
Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives	63	(70)
Brief Background	64	(2)
Selections	66	(1)
2.1 Work of Art: Ichabod Crane (1937), Norman Rockwell	67	(3)
This painting portrays the 19th-century fictional rural schoolteacher in Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," and contains some clues related to his role.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	69	(1)
Activities and Projects	69	(1)
2.2 Time Line: Influential People and Events in the History of American Education	70	(9)
This chronological list of key people and significant events related to American education will enable you to identify some of the threads that run through educational history.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	78	(1)
Activities and Projects	79	(1)
2.3 These Happy Golden Years (1943), Laura Ingalls Wilder	79	(5)
A chapter from Wilder's "Little House" series reveals the way in which Laura completed her "First Day at School" as a teacher in a one-room schoolhouse on the American prairie of the 19th century.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	83	(1)
Activities and Projects	83	(1)
2.4 History of Great Barrington, Massachusetts (1882), Charles J. Taylor	84	(4)
Difficulties in raising funds to establish and maintain schools in colonial Great Barrington mirror those facing localities today.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	87	(1)
Activities and Projects	87	(1)
2.5 Emerson on Education (1966), Ralph Waldo Emerson	88	(5)
Emerson reminds readers about the timeless pedagogical principle of recognizing the individual needs and interests of every student.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	92	(1)
Activities and Projects	92	(1)
2.6 Aesthetic Papers (1849), Elizabeth Palmer Peabody	93	(4)
This 19th-century historian and teacher credits the Dorians of ancient Greece with making important contributions to American educational thought and practice.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	96	(1)
Activities and Projects	96	(1)
2.7 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave (1968), Frederick Douglass	97	(5)
Douglass describes the conditions of slavery under which he was denied an education and how he learned to read despite those restrictions.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	101	(1)
Activities and Projects	102	(1)
2.8 Jefferson (1963), Albert Jay Nock	102	(3)
An aspect of Thomas Jefferson that may surprise you is his bias concerning education for females.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	105	(1)
Activities and Projects	105	(1)
2.9 "Twelfth Report, for 1848," Horace Mann	105	(5)
Nineteenth-century public education advocate Horace Mann offers an eloquent and rational argument for maintaining a separation of church and state within the sphere of public schools.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	108	(1)
Activities and Projects	109	(1)
2.10 Inherit the Wind (1955), Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee	110	(5)
This excerpt from the play about the Scopes Trial of 1925 reminds readers of the challenge made to the Tennessee law that prohibited the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution, an issue that continues to spark controversy even today.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	114	(1)
Activities and Projects	114	(1)
2.11 All-of-a-Kind Family (1951), Sydney Taylor	115	(4)
The activities of a family on the Lower East Side of New York reflect pluralism and one of the many ways immigrant children came to learn about American values and rituals: through the celebration of American holidays.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	118	(1)
Activities and Projects	118	(1)
2.12 How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1915), Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi	119	(4)
Pestalozzi expresses his views on the importance of training parents and teachers to recognize the role in education played by children's own powers and the sense impressions they receive.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	122	(1)
Activities and Projects	122	(1)
2.13 Reminiscences of Friedrich Froebel (1889), Baroness B. von Marenholz-Bülow	123	(3)
Some of Froebel's timeless and universal educational ideas about early childhood education are captured in the reminiscences of one of his disciples.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	125	(1)
Activities and Projects	125	(1)
2.14 "Religion the Only Basis of Society" (1879), William Ellery Channing	126	(2)
This selection from McGuffey's Fifth Eclectic Reader reflects the typical values of the Puritans that can still be observed in some schools today.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	128	(1)
Activities and Projects	129	(1)
Chapter References	130	(2)
Additional Readings	132	(1)
Chapter 3 Philosophical Foundations: Approaches to Curriculum Development	133	(72)
Brief Background	135	(3)
Selections	138	(1)
3.1 Work of Art: The Connoisseur (1962), Norman Rockwell	139	(4)
Rockwell painted a rather conservatively dressed gentleman standing before an abstract modern painting and thus provided us with an excellent metaphor for the contrasts that exist among educational philosophies.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	142	(1)
Activities and Projects	142	(1)
3.2 Dewey on Education: Selections (1959), John Dewey	143	(6)
The philosophical voice of the Progressive Era, Dewey conveys several of his beliefs about the nature of school, curriculum, and instruction and their connection to social progress.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	147	(1)
Activities and Projects	148	(1)
3.3 Saber-Tooth Curriculum (1939), J. Abney Peddiwell	149	(6)
This allegorical work satirizes the way in which curriculum is developed and then becomes entrenched and also pokes fun at several academic and philosophical ideas and practices.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	154	(1)
Activities and Projects	154	(1)
3.4 "A Break of Consciousness" (1997), José Calderon	155	(3)
This visually evocative poem captures the importance of making learning meaningful and relevant to students by recognizing their individuality and cultural backgrounds.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	157	(1)
Activities and Projects	157	(1)
3.5 Rudolf Steiner in the Waldorf School (1996), Rudolf Steiner	158	(5)
The child's intellectual, emotional, and spiritual development are equally important in Steiner's philosophy of education.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	162	(1)
Activities and Projects	162	(1)
3.6 The Discovery of the Child (1967), Maria Montessori	163	(3)
Doctor and teacher Maria Montessori's method of teaching is based on her belief in the power of children to adapt to their environment through guided as well as spontaneous activity and the training of their senses.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	165	(1)
Activities and Projects	165	(1)
3.7 Leaves of Grass, Poem No. 9 (1860), Walt Whitman	166	(3)
This poem conveys the idea that curriculum, defined in its broadest sense, can refer to virtually all of the elements that comprise a child's environment.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	167	(1)
Activities and Projects	168	(1)
3.8 The Aims of Education (1949), Alfred North Whitehead	169	(7)
For mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, learning, like life, is a cyclical process made up of three stages that interact and repeat themselves: romance, precision, and generalization.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	174	(1)
Activities and Projects	174	(2)
3.9 Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms (2000), Diane Ravitch	176	(4)
Education historian Diane Ravitch answers the question of what constitutes a meaningful education.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	178	(1)
Activities and Projects	178	(2)
3.10 "Allegory of the Cave" (Trans. 1956), Plato	180	(8)
Plato's allegory reflects the essence of education, or what he calls paidea, and how the life of ideas can bring happiness to both the individual and the state.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	186	(1)
Activities and Projects	187	(1)
3.11 "What Kind of Education Is Adequate? It Depends" (2001), Randal C. Archibold	188	(3)
Contemporary educators answer the question of what kind of education is adequate and a judge provides a criterion.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	190	(1)
Activities and Projects	190	(1)
3.12 Iron and Silk (1986), Mark Salzman	191	(4)
Salzman's experience teaching adults in China portrays how cultural differences-and perhaps political differences-can also account for different attitudes about education.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	194	(1)
Activities and Projects	194	(1)
3.13 How Children Fail (1976), John Holt	195	(4)
In a radical departure from essentialist thinking, veteran education writer Holt stirs our consciousness about how to improve curriculum.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	198	(1)
Activities and Projects	198	(1)
3.14 "What Did You Learn in School Today?" (1962), Tom Paxton	199	(2)
This simple but provocative song raises a number of philosophical questions.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	200	(1)
Activities and Projects	200	(1)
Chapter References	201	(1)
Additional Readings	202	(3)
Chapter 4 The Politics of Education: School Governance, School Funding, and Legal Issues	205	(54)
Brief Background	206	(2)
Selections	208	(1)
4.1 Work of Art: The Problem We All Live With (1964), Norman Rockwell	209	(2)
An African American girl, Ruby Bridges, walks to a newly desegregated school accompanied by U.S. marshals there to protect her from the anger of a crowd resisting integration.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	210	(1)
Activities and Projects	211	(1)
4.2 Editorial Cartoon	211	(3)
This cartoon illustrates Danziger's concept of the forces at work when a school committee considers an increase in the budget.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	212	(1)
Activities and Projects	213	(1)
4.3 The Water Is Wide (1972), Pat Conroy	214	(7)
Conroy shares his real-life experience teaching on a small island off the coast of South Carolina and what happens when he appeals to the board of education to get his job back after he is fired.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	220	(1)
Activities and Projects	220	(1)
4.4 The Thread That Runs So True (1949), Jesse Stuart	221	(4)
This realistic and poignant look at Stuart's many professional positions in rural schools also sheds light on his difficulties surviving financially in those positions.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	224	(1)
Activities and Projects	225	(1)
4.5 Death at an Early Age (1967), Jonathan Kozol	225	(9)
This excerpt is from a classic exposé about the problems and politics in an urban school system presented through the eyes of a white teacher among African American children.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	232	(1)
Activities and Projects	233	(1)
4.6 School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, 103rd Congress of the United States	234	(5)
Section 2 of the act contains the rationale for this federal law that promotes programs to educate students about careers and the working world.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	237	(1)
Activities and Projects	237	(2)
4.7 The Politics of Education (1985), Paulo Freire	239	(3)
The noted Brazilian educator argues that education is political and, as such, can be the vehicle for transforming society.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	240	(1)
Activities and Projects	241	(1)
4.8 "Test Evasion" (1996), E.D. Hirsch, Jr.	242	(6)
A theorist who calls himself both an educational conservative and a political liberal argues for high-stakes testing.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	245	(1)
Activities and Projects	246	(2)
4.9 "Bakke Syllabus": Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), Supreme Court of the United States	248	(5)
The landmark Supreme Court decision on affirmative action establishes support for both sides of the issue.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	251	(1)
Activities and Projects	252	(1)
4.10 "Teacher's Lesson on Intolerance Fails" (1995), Nancy Roberts Trott	253	(3)
A young, dedicated English teacher's encounter with a school board's values has political repercussions when she attempts to use literature that counters homophobia.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	255	(1)
Activities and Projects	256	(1)
Chapter References	256	(2)
Additional Readings	258	(1)
Chapter 5 School Environments	259	(56)
Brief Background	259	(2)
Selections	261	(1)
5.1 Work of Art: New Television Antenna (1949), Norman Rockwell	262	(4)
Rockwell's portrait captures the arrival of a technological environment that continues to compete-quite successfully-with schools for children's attention.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	264	(1)
Activities and Projects	265	(1)
5.2 Manchild in the Promised Land (1965), Claude Brown	266	(6)
Claude Brown is "educated" on the streets of Harlem and in schools for delinquent boys.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	270	(1)
Activities and Projects	270	(2)
5.3 "Incident" (1925), Countee Cullen	272	(1)
This simple poem about one boy's encounter with prejudice on the streets of Baltimore reminds us that children learn painful lessons beyond the school walls.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	272	(1)
Activities and Projects	273	(1)
5.4 "Unschooling" (1995), Nancy Friedland	273	(7)
One mother describes homeschooling her children and the rewards that come with this type of educational environment.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	278	(1)
Activities and Projects	279	(1)
5.5 Christy (1967), Catherine Marshall	280	(4)
A young teacher writes about her ventures into the unfamiliar rural environment of the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee around 1910 and about those who inspired her.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	282	(1)
Activities and Projects	283	(1)
5.6 The Girls in the Back of the Class (1995), LouAnne Johnson	284	(4)
An inner-city teacher struggles to help two of her students grab onto a future in an environment with more advantages than the one in which they live.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	287	(1)
Activities and Projects	287	(1)
5.7 Up the Down Staircase (1966), Bel Kaufman	288	(4)
Authentic- and often humorous and frustrating-verbal banter between an urban teacher and the students in her homeroom reveals all sorts of challenging classroom issues.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	291	(1)
Activities and Projects	291	(1)
5.8 Seasoned Timber (1939), Dorothy Canfield	292	(5)
A hybrid school, Clifford Academy, acts as both a private and a public high school and shares similarities with today's charter schools.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	295	(1)
Activities and Projects	296	(1)
5.9 The Miracle Worker (1956), William Gibson	297	(9)
This inspiring scene is from Gibson's play about the power and influence of a single teacher, Annie Sullivan, whose famous pupil, Helen Keller, went on to inspire others with disabilities.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	304	(1)
Activities and Projects	305	(1)
5.10 Horace's Compromise (1985), Theodore Sizer	306	(7)
Sizer makes suggestions for reforming school environments so that Horace, symbolic of teachers everywhere, can do his job effectively and under optimal conditions.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	311	(1)
Activities and Projects	311	(2)
Chapter References	313	(1)
Additional Readings	314	(1)
Chapter 6 Living and Learning in a Diverse Society: Sociology of Education	315	(60)
Brief Background	317	(3)
Selections	320	(2)
6.1 Work of Art: The Golden Rule (1961), Norman Rockwell	322	(3)
Rockwell's portrait of people from various cultures implies his belief that diversity can enrich a society if everyone practices The Golden Rule.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	324	(1)
Activities and Projects	324	(1)
6.2 Teacher (1963), Sylvia Ashton-Warner	325	(5)
Whole-language pioneer Ashton-Warner describes her method for teaching reading to young Maoris, natives of New Zealand.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	328	(1)
Activities and Projects	329	(1)
6.3 Teacher in America (1945), Jacques Barzun	330	(4)
Barzun makes a plea for teaching foreign languages that would enable students to move beyond their own cultures.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	333	(1)
Activities and Projects	333	(1)
6.4 I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1983), Maya Angelou	334	(5)
African American poet Maya Angelou's anger about the educational inequities she experienced in the South are countered by her pride in the accomplishments and culture of her community.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	338	(1)
Activities and Projects	338	(1)
6.5 Lives on the Boundary (1989), Mike Rose	339	(5)
Rose writes an account of his working-class roots in South Los Angeles as a poor Italian American boy growing up "on the boundary," a phrase that also refers to those he eventually chooses to teach.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	343	(1)
Activities and Projects	343	(1)
6.6 "National Brotherwood Week" (1981), Tom Lehrer	344	(4)
This satirical song mocks the hypocrisy of those who pretend to accept diversity.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	348	(1)
Activities and Projects	348	(1)
6.7 The Chosen (1967), Chaim Potok	348	(4)
An often overlooked reality is that there are variations in belief-even prejudices-within the same minority group, in this case, seen in the relationship between two Orthodox Jewish boys.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	351	(1)
Activities and Projects	352	(1)
6.8 "Warning to Children" (1961), Robert Graves	352	(2)
This poem challenges learners to explore the wonders of their diverse world no matter how hidden and obscure they may be.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	353	(1)
Activities and Projects	354	(1)
6.9 Growing Up (1982), Russell Baker	354	(7)
A journalist recalls his ethnic childhood peers, both friend and foe.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	359	(1)
Activities and Projects	360	(1)
6.10 Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years (1993), Sadie and Bessie Delany	361	(6)
Two African American sisters achieve success in different fields despite the prejudices they faced along the way.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	362	(1)
Activities and Projects	363	(4)
6.11 Willow and Twig (2000), Jean Little	367	(3)
This excerpt is from a children's book in which a sibling learns from her uncle the importance of speaking honestly about her brother's disabilities.
Questions for Discussion and Debate	369	(1)
Activities and Projects	369	(1)
Chapter References	370	(2)
Additional Readings	372	(1)
Concluding Activity	373	(2)
APPENDIXES
A Debate Format: Learning through Teamwork and Formal Argument	375	(4)
B How to Use This Text: Two Suggested Approaches	379	(6)
C Lesson Plan: Outline and Sample Plan	385	(4)
NAME INDEX	389	(6)
SUBJECT INDEX	395

Excerpts

This is not a traditional foundations of education text. While it does cover all of the traditional themes of the history, philosophy, politics, and sociology of education as well as the nature of school environments and the teaching profession, it does so in a different way. Through excerpts from novels, biographies, memoirs, lectures, essays, plays, and poetry, and through songs and paintings, this anthology brings traditional themes to life within meaningful contexts. Theoretical Framework and RationaleI really love these works and the artists and writers who have created them. Perhaps this is too personal a tribute to make in the preface of a textbook. But that is precisely the point ofthistext: to personalize and humanize the education courses for which this material is intended. At its very core, education is about people, that is, students, teachers, and others, who operate in a number of diverse environments. And this text is about bringing those people, processes, and environments to life for your students. Future educators will learn from many of the teachers and others described in these pages. They will identify with some; they'll disagree with others. They will likely wish they could meet a few of the more inspiring ones. But in all cases, students will be stimulated to think deeply about the ideas and actions they are reading about, and they will want to compare them with their own practices and beliefs about teaching and education.This anthology unites liberal education with traditional teacher education by drawing from a number of liberal arts disciplines, including history, literature, and art. By using this interdisciplinary approach, students will be able to experience firsthand a valuable model that they, too, can emulate once they become teachers. As they are motivated by these resources and make emotional connections to them, they will also be learning how to integrate curriculum in new and meaningful ways. "Showing the connections between things"--as one teacher in this anthology describes her way of teaching (Freedman, 1991)--is the approach taken here.In addition, the literature included in this text will enable students to come face to face with the fact that education is characterized by controversies of many sorts. They've been there in the past, they're facing us now; and they will be with us in the 21st century. And even though each chapter focuses on a different traditional theme, students will soon notice that many of the same controversies appear again and again throughout the book and are not always resolved. That is the nature of education, and students need to be aware of such realities within their field.The rationale for choosing these particular selections from among so many others was based, in part, on their emotional and intellectual appeal for readers. Each selection represents an exemplary work of literature, art, or poetry and is clearly representative of the chapter theme. Foundations students need facts, yes. But they also need to be inspired. These readings provide that inspiration. Students will be able to view aspects of human behavior or thought that are universal in nature and that, in many cases, transcend cultures as well as time. Some of the excerpts will literally have the students laughing (e.g., Kaufman, 1991) and crying (Gibson, 1980). A few will arouse anger (Johnson, 1990); others, feelings of satisfaction (Taylor, 1951). And all will provide springboards to discussion and instruction by offering realistic situations around which students can solve problems, gain knowledge, and identify personally.While the readings within a particular chapter have implications for that particular chapter's topic or theme, nearly all of the selections relate to more than one theme and could have been placed just as appropriately within the contexts of other chapters. For example, the Jose Calderon poem in chapter 3