Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming

by Priest, Simon; Gass, Michael A.

• ISBN13: 9780873226370
• ISBN10: 0873226372
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-01
• Publisher: Human Kinetics

Author Biography

Michael Gass is a full professor and chair of the department of kinesiology and member of the outdoor education program at the University of New Hampshire (UNH).

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xi	(2)
Credits	xiii	(2)
Preface	xv
Chapter 1: Introduction to Effective Outdoor Leadership	1	(8)
Need for Effective Outdoor Leaders	2	(1)
Emerging and Designated Leaders	3	(1)
Research on Outdoor Leadership	3	(2)
Creating the Appropriate Mixture in the Right Settings	5	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	6	(1)
Summary	6	(1)
Questions to Think About	6	(1)
References	7	(2)
PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF ADVENTURE PROGRAMMING	9	(64)
Chapter 2: Philosophy of Adventure Programming	11	(16)
Philosophy: An Introduction	13	(2)
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Experiential Theories of Learning	15	(2)
Defining Structures in Adventure Programming	17	(3)
Product of Adventure: Affective Aspects	20	(1)
Process of Adventure	20	(2)
Adventure Programming Applications	22	(2)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	24	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Questions to Think About	25	(1)
References	26	(1)
Chapter 3: History of Adventure Programming	27	(14)
Beginnings of Adventure Programming	28	(1)
Growth of Adventure Learning Programs	29	(2)
History of Outdoor Leadership Preparation	31	(4)
Issue of Certification Versus Accreditation	35	(3)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	38	(1)
Summary	38	(1)
Questions to Think About	39	(1)
References	39	(2)
Chapter 4: Individual Behaviour and Motivation	41	(20)
Physiological and Psychophysiological Factors	42	(6)
Theories and Models of Motivation	48	(9)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Questions to Think About	58	(1)
References	59	(2)
Chapter 5: Group Development and Dynamics	61	(12)
Stages of Group Development	63	(6)
Other Factors Affecting Group Dynamics	69	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	69	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Questions to Think About	70	(1)
References	71	(2)
PART II: PRACTICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS FOR OUTDOOR LEADERS	73	(60)
Chapter 6: Technical Skills	75	(12)
Generic, Metaskill, and Specific Competency Areas	76	(1)
Specific Technical-Skill Competencies	77	(7)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	84	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
Questions to Think About	84	(1)
References	84	(1)
Further Reading	85	(2)
Chapter 7: Safety Skills	87	(16)
Accident Theory	88	(5)
Safety Countermeasures	93	(8)
Skill Areas	99	(2)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	101	(1)
Summary	101	(1)
Questions to Think About	102	(1)
References	102	(1)
Chapter 8: Environmental Skills	103	(6)
Planning for an Environmentally Appropriate Experience	105	(1)
Hiking and Traveling With Minimal Impact	106	(1)
Camping and Campsite Behavior	106	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	107	(1)
Summary	108	(1)
Questions to Think About	108	(1)
References	108	(1)
Chapter 9: Trip Planning	109	(12)
Before the Trip	110	(6)
During the Trip	116	(2)
Back Home and Other Planning Tasks	118	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	118	(1)
Summary	119	(1)
Questions to Think About	119	(2)
Chapter 10: Risk Management	121	(12)
Risk Is Essential	122	(1)
Legal Liability	123	(1)
Four Conditions of Negligence	123	(1)
Standard of Care: Being Reasonable and Prudent	124	(1)
Procedures to Prevent Lawsuits	124	(3)
After an Accident	127	(2)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	129	(1)
Summary	130	(1)
Questions to Think About	131	(1)
References	132	(1)
PART III: INSTRUCTION IN ADVENTURE PROGRAMMING	133	(38)
Chapter 11: Experiential Education	135	(14)
Rationale for Fostering Functional Growth	137	(3)
Educational Models Supporting Adventure Programming	140	(6)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	146	(1)
Summary	147	(1)
Questions to Think About	147	(1)
References	148	(1)
Chapter 12: Instructional Methods	149	(12)
Five Depths of Learning	150	(3)
Instruction Through Public Speaking	153	(1)
Designing Effective Lessons	154	(3)
Objective Writing and Goal Setting	157	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	158	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Questions to Think About	159	(1)
References	159	(2)
Chapter 13: Teaching Models	161	(10)
Phases of the Learning Experience	162	(2)
Range of Teaching Styles	164	(4)
Selecting the Most Appropriate Style	168	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	169	(1)
Summary	169	(1)
Questions to Think About	169	(1)
References	169	(2)
PART IV: FACILITATION IN ADVENTURE PROGRAMMING	171	(64)
Chapter 14: The Process of Facilitation	173	(16)
Why Facilitate Adventure Experiences?	174	(1)
Importance of Transfer of Learning	174	(1)
Empowering Clients	175	(2)
Facilitation Guidelines	177	(1)
Six Generations of Adventure Facilitation	178	(6)
Adventure Programs and Facilitation Styles	184	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Questions to Think About	186	(1)
References	186	(3)
Chapter 15: Basic Facilitation Techniques	189	(18)
Discussion Techniques	190	(2)
Alternative Reflections and Nonverbal Methods	192	(2)
Debriefing the Experience	194	(6)
Frontloading the Experience	200	(5)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	205	(1)
Summary	205	(1)
Questions to Think About	206	(1)
References	206	(1)
Chapter 16: Advanced Facilitation Techniques	207	(16)
Isomorphically Framing the Experience	210	(5)
Indirectly Frontloading the Experience	215	(4)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	219	(1)
Summary	220	(1)
Questions to Think About	220	(1)
References	221	(2)
Chapter 17: Facilitation Roles	223	(12)
Assess Needs	224	(3)
Be Neutral	227	(1)
Construct Change Processes	227	(1)
Deal With Resistance	228	(1)
Exceptions Produce Solutions	229	(1)
Feedback Aids Learning	230	(1)
Good Listening Elicits Useful Questions	231	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	231	(1)
Summary	232	(1)
Questions to Think About	232	(1)
References	233	(2)
PART V: METASKILLS FOR OUTDOOR LEADERS	235	(72)
Chapter 18: Flexible Leadership Style	237	(10)
Leadership Styles	238	(1)
Leadership Orientation	239	(1)
Conditional Favoribility	240	(1)
Conditional Outdoor Leadership Theory Model	240	(3)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	243	(1)
Summary	244	(1)
Questions to Think About	244	(1)
References	244	(3)
Chapter 19: Effective Communication	247	(8)
Communication Defined	248	(5)
Improving Communication	253	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	253	(1)
Summary	253	(1)
Questions to Think About	254	(1)
References	254	(1)
Chapter 20: Experience-Based Judgment	255	(8)
The Judgment Cycle	257	(1)
The Role of Piagetian Theory	258	(1)
Role of Heuristics	259	(1)
Developing Judgment	260	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	261	(1)
Summary	261	(1)
Questions to Think About	262	(1)
References	262	(1)
Chapter 21: Problem Solving	263	(10)
Multiphase Problem Solving	264	(3)
Solving Problems Using the Multiphase Model	267	(4)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	271	(1)
Summary	272	(1)
Questions to Think About	272	(1)
References	272	(1)
Chapter 22: Decision Making	273	(10)
Divergence	275	(1)
Convergence	275	(3)
Qualitative Modifications to the Process	278	(3)
Application to Problem Solving	280	(1)
Decision Making and Leadership Styles	281	(1)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	281	(1)
Summary	281	(1)
Questions to Think About	282	(1)
References	282	(1)
Chapter 23: Professional Ethics	283	(10)
Principle and Virtue Ethics	285	(1)
Kitchener's Model of Ethical Decision Making	286	(3)
Ethical Guidelines for Outdoor Leaders	289	(2)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	291	(1)
Summary	291	(1)
Questions to Think About	292	(1)
References	292	(1)
Chapter 24: Trends and Issues	293	(14)
Factors At Work	294	(1)
Growth	294	(2)
Environment	296	(1)
Technology	297	(2)
Burnout	299	(2)
Professionalism	301	(1)
Research	302	(2)
Effective Outdoor Leaders Should...	304	(1)
Summary	304	(1)
Questions to Think About	305	(1)
References	305	(2)
Author index	307	(4)
Subject Index	311	(6)
About the Authors	317