Effective Management in Therapeutic Recreation Service

by O'Morrow, Gerald S.; Carter, Marcia Jean

• ISBN13: 9780910251877
• ISBN10: 0910251878
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-01
• Publisher: Venture Pub

Summary

This book provides theoretical and practical knowledge about the management of therapeutic recreation service in health and human service organizations. Designed for both upper level undergraduate and graduate students as well as practitioners, it is written for therapeutic recreation specialists responsible for managing direct therapeutic recreation service and the assignment and supervision of therapeutic recreation staff who deliver the service. It is a practical desk reference and resource to help improve any manager's performance.

After introducing the student to the management discipline and the therapeutic recreation manager's job (including the transition from practitioner to manager), Part 1 considers the characteristics of management. Part 2 examines selective administrative functions that support effective and efficient management. Operational management is the focus of Part 3. Part 4 considers elements associated with human service management. Part 5 considers those issues associated with the consumer.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xxi
Overview
Introduction	1	(1)
Decades of Change	1	(3)
Management Defined	4	(1)
Management Skills	4	(1)
Dimensions of Management	5	(1)
Therapeutic Recreation Manager	5	(1)
First-Line Manager Responsibilities and Challenges	6	(2)
Setting Objectives	6	(1)
Planning and Organizing	6	(1)
Communicating and Motivating	6	(1)
Measuring and Evaluating	7	(1)
Ensuring Consumers' Welfare	7	(1)
Other Responsibilities and Challenges	7	(1)
Therapeutic Recreation Department Dimensions	8	(1)
Making the Transition: Practioner to Manager	8	(2)
Summary	10	(1)
Discussion Questions	10	(1)
References	11	(4)
Part 1: Characteristics of Management
Theories of Management
Introduction	15	(1)
Theories	16	(5)
Classical Management Theory	16	(2)
Behavioral School	18	(1)
Quantitative Management Theory	19	(1)
General Systems Theory	19	(1)
Contingency Theory	20	(1)
Theory Application to Therapeutic Recreation	21	(2)
Summary	23	(1)
Discussion Questions	23	(1)
References	24	(1)
Functions of Management
Introduction	25	(1)
Management Functions	26	(15)
Planning	26	(4)
Organizing	30	(8)
Directing	38	(2)
Controlling	40	(1)
Time Management	41	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
Disussion Questions	42	(1)
References	43	(4)
Part 2: Administrative Management
Leadership
Introduction	47	(1)
Leadership Theories	48	(2)
Trait Theories	48	(1)
Behavioral Theories	48	(1)
Situational Theories	49	(1)
Interactional Theories	50	(1)
Leadership Styles	50	(2)
Leadership and Power	52	(2)
Base of Power	52	(1)
Power Strategies	53	(1)
Individual Relationships	54	(1)
Group Relationships	55	(1)
Situation Leadership	55	(1)
Leadership and Supervision	56	(1)
Integrative Leadership	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Discussion Questions	58	(1)
References	59	(2)
Vision, Mission, Philosophy, and Objectives
Introduction	61	(1)
Vision	61	(2)
Creating a Vision	62	(1)
Mission or Purpose	63	(1)
Philosophy	64	(1)
Goals and Objectives	65	(5)
Goals	66	(2)
Objectives	68	(2)
Implication for Therapeutic Recreation	70	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Disussion Questions	70	(3)
References	73	(2)
Organizational Behavior
Introduction	75	(1)
Organization Culture and Climate	75	(1)
Principles of Organizational Behavior	76	(2)
Personality	76	(1)
Motivation	77	(1)
Perception	77	(1)
Group Size	77	(1)
Organizational Support	78	(1)
Groups and Organizations	78	(8)
Types of Groups	78	(2)
Group Development	80	(1)
Group Dynamics	80	(2)
Groupthink	82	(1)
Affirmative Action in Groups	83	(1)
Group Meetings	84	(2)
Teams	86	(1)
Summary	87	(1)
Discussion Questions	88	(1)
References	89	(2)
Ethical Perspectives
Introduction	91	(1)
Ethics and Therapeutic Recreation Management	92	(1)
Values and Rights	93	(2)
Values	93	(1)
Rights	94	(1)
Ethical Theories	95	(2)
Teleology	95	(1)
Deontolgy	95	(2)
Ethics: Cultural and Individual Conflicts	97	(1)
Ethical Decision Making	98	(1)
Summary	98	(1)
Disussion Questions	98	(2)
References	100	(1)
Working with Higher Management
Introduction	101	(1)
Foundations of a Good Relationship	101	(2)
Managerial Style	102	(1)
Ethical and Interpersonal Skills	102	(1)
Goals	102	(1)
Communications	102	(1)
Establishing a Relationship	103	(1)
The Political Climate	104	(1)
Reflecting One's Supervisor	104	(1)
Getting What One Needs	105	(1)
The Difficult Boss	106	(1)
Dissolving the Relationship	107	(1)
Managing Physicians	107	(1)
Summary	108	(1)
Discussion Questions	108	(1)
References	109	(4)
Part 3: Operational Management
Financial Management and Budgets
Introduction	113	(1)
Historical Overview	114	(1)
Revenue Sources	115	(5)
Appropriations	115	(1)
Contributions	116	(1)
Grants and Contracts	116	(1)
Fees, Charges and Reimbursement	117	(3)
Financial Management	120	(1)
Prerequisite to Budgeting	120	(1)
Budgets and Budgeting	121	(13)
Budgets	122	(1)
Types of Budgets	123	(11)
Performance Reporting	134	(1)
Cutback Management	134	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Discussion Questions	135	(1)
References	136	(1)
Computer and Information Systems
Introduction	137	(1)
Computer Hardware and Software	138	(1)
Hardware	138	(1)
Software	138	(1)
Operating Systems	139	(1)
Electronic Office Communication	139	(1)
Information Systems	140	(1)
Application to Therapeutic Recreation Practice and Management	140	(2)
Consumer Records	140	(1)
Therapeutic Recreation Management	141	(1)
Positive and Negative Aspects of Computerization	142	(2)
Positive Benefits	143	(1)
Negatives	143	(1)
Summary	144	(1)
Discussion Questions	144	(1)
Glossary of Commonly Used Computer Terms	145	(1)
References	146	(1)
Decision Making, Problem Solving and Conflict Management
Introduction	147	(1)
Decision Making	147	(12)
Decision Making Defined	147	(1)
Types of Decisions	148	(1)
Decision-Making Conditions	148	(1)
Policies, Procedures, and Rules	149	(1)
The Decision-Making Process	150	(6)
Group Decision Making	156	(2)
Personal Qualities for Effective Decision Making	158	(1)
Pitfalls of Decision Making	159	(1)
Problem Solving	159	(3)
Problem Solving Defined	160	(1)
Problem-Solving Purpose	160	(1)
Problem-Solving Process	160	(1)
Approaches to Problem Solving	161	(1)
Conflict Management	162	(4)
Conflict Definitions	162	(1)
Causes of Conflict	162	(1)
Conflict Intervention and Resolution	163	(1)
Approaches to Conflict Resolution	164	(2)
Strategies for Conflict Resolution	166	(1)
Summary	166	(1)
Discussion Questions	166	(2)
References	168	(3)
Marketing
Introduction	171	(1)
Marketing in Therapeutic Recreation	171	(2)
Marketing Service Relationships	172	(1)
Strategic Market Planning	173	(1)
Marketing Process	173	(2)
Assessment	173	(2)
Therapeutic Recreation Marketing Goals and Objectives	175	(10)
Plan	175	(6)
Implementation	181	(3)
Evaluation, Trends, Strategies, Issues	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Discussion Questions	186	(1)
References	187	(2)
Staffing
Introduction	189	(1)
Legal and Professional Regulations and Standards	190	(2)
Legal Regulations	190	(1)
Professional Standards	191	(1)
Human Resource Planning	192	(2)
Job Descriptions	192	(2)
Job Specifications	194	(1)
Recruiting Process	194	(7)
Screening and Selecting	197	(4)
Probationary Periods	201	(1)
Staffing Issues	202	(1)
Summary	202	(1)
Discussion Questions	203	(1)
References	204	(3)
Part 4: Human Service Management
Effective Communication
Introduction	207	(1)
Personal and Interpersonal Communication	207	(5)
Communication Avenues and Influences	208	(1)
Communication Barriers	209	(1)
Effective Communication Techniques	210	(2)
Managerial Communication	212	(3)
Social Coext of Managerial Communication	212	(1)
Delegation	213	(1)
Negotiation	213	(1)
Collaboration	214	(1)
Criticism, Complaints, and Confrontation	214	(1)
Organizatitional and Professional Communication	215	(3)
Organizational Communication	216	(1)
Professional Communication	217	(1)
Summary	218	(1)
Discussion Questions	218	(1)
References	219	(2)
Motivation
Introduction	221	(1)
Individual Need Fulfillment	222	(1)
Individual Needs and Work	222	(1)
Motivational Approaches	223	(2)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	223	(1)
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory	223	(1)
Argyris Maturity-Immaturity Continuum	223	(1)
McClelland's Achievement Theory	224	(1)
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y	224	(1)
Vroom's Expctancy Theory	224	(1)
Equity Theory	224	(1)
Ouchi's Theory Z	225	(1)
The Manager, Work Culture, and Motivation	225	(3)
Qualities and Practices of the First-Line Manager	225	(1)
Work Culture and Motivation	226	(1)
Guidelines to Build a Positive Motivational Atmosphere	226	(1)
High-Level Performance	227	(1)
Future Motivational Challenges	228	(1)
Summary	229	(1)
Discussion Questions	230	(1)
References	231	(2)
Performance Appraisal
Introduction	233	(1)
Planning Personnel Evaluation Systems	234	(3)
Organizational Considerations	235	(1)
Professional and Legal Considerations	235	(1)
Quality Management Considerations	236	(1)
Designing and Implementing Personnel Evaluations	237	(5)
Determine Performance Standards	237	(1)
Determine Format for Performance Review	238	(2)
Performance Review Errors	240	(1)
Gathering Performance Information	241	(1)
Managing Outcomes and Follow-Up	242	(3)
Designing an Action Plan	242	(1)
Personnel Actions Following performace Reviews	243	(1)
Performance Outcomes, Rewards, Training and Development, and System Changes	244	(1)
Summary	245	(1)
Discussion Questions	245	(1)
References	246	(1)
Staff Training and Development
Introduction	247	(1)
Composition of Training and Development Programs	248	(1)
Training and Development Assessments	249	(1)
Design of Training and Development Programs	250	(2)
Implementation of Training and Development Programs	252	(3)
Informing Staff	252	(1)
Facilitating Access	252	(1)
Preparing Delivery Methods	252	(2)
Relating Training and Development to Staff Needs	254	(1)
Applicability of Training and Development	254	(1)
Projecting Follow-Up	254	(1)
Implementing Training and Development programs	254	(1)
Evaluation of Training and Development Programs	255	(3)
Training and Development Trends and Issues	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
Discussion Questions	259	(1)
References	260	(1)
Volunteer Management
Introduction	261	(1)
Volunteers	261	(13)
Volunteer Planning	261	(6)
Volunteer Training and Supervision	267	(3)
Volunteer Evaluation and Recognition	270	(3)
Related Considerations	273	(1)
Summary	274	(1)
Discussion Questions	274	(1)
References	275	(1)
Selected Resources	275	(2)
Intern Management
Introduction	277	(1)
Preplacement Planning	278	(3)
Department Preparation	278	(2)
Department and Academic Relationships	280	(1)
Intern Selection Procedures	280	(1)
Department Orientation	281	(2)
Introduction to Agency and Department	281	(1)
Identification of Training Needs and Expectations	282	(1)
Review of Supervisory and Evaluation Process and Procedures	283	(1)
Negotiate Student-Department Contract	283	(1)
Supervision and Training	283	(3)
Communication and Observation	283	(2)
Documentation of Activities and Experiences	285	(1)
Provision of Training and Education Opportunities	286	(1)
Evaluation and Termination	286	(2)
Formative Evaluations	286	(1)
Summative Evaluations	287	(1)
Termination Tasks and Issues	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Discussion Questions	288	(1)
References	289	(4)
Part 5: Consumer Management
Service Delivery Management
Introduction	293	(1)
Scheduling	294	(1)
Goals of Scheduling	294	(1)
Scheduling Problems	294	(1)
Therapeutic Recreation Process	295	(2)
Accountability and Therapeutic Recreation Process	296	(1)
Protocols	297	(1)
Documentation	298	(4)
Documentation Evaluation	301	(1)
Legal Aspects of Documentation	301	(1)
Charting Systems	302	(1)
Monitoring and Consulting Practitioner Performance	302	(4)
Monitoring Practitioner Performance	304	(1)
Consultant and Practitioner Performance	304	(2)
Summary	306	(1)
Discussion Questions	306	(1)
References	307	(2)
Risk Management
Introduction	309	(1)
Risk Management Program	310	(9)
Elements of a Risk Management Program	310	(5)
Risk Management Problems	315	(3)
Other Risk Management Concerns	318	(1)
Summary	319	(1)
Discussion Questions	319	(1)
References	320	(1)
Quality Service Management
Introduction	321	(1)
TQM as a Philosophy of Management	322	(1)
CQI and Its Characteristics	322	(2)
Deming Cycle and CQI	323	(1)
What is Quality?	324	(1)
QA and CQI Comparison and Therapeutic Recreation	324	(6)
Quality Assurance	324	(3)
Continuous Quality Improvement	327	(3)
CQI and Therapeutic Recreation Implementation	330	(1)
Summary	331	(6)
Discussion Questions	337	(1)
References	338	(3)
Appendix A
National Therapeutic Recreation Society Code of Ethics	341	(3)
American Therapeutic Recreation Association Code of Ethics	344	(3)
Appendix B
National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification, Inc.: The Nationally Recognized Certification Program for Recreational Therapists and Therapeutic Recreation Personnel	347	(2)
Appendix C
A Volunteer Manual for the Division of Therapeutic Recreation	349	(2)
Volunteer Application	351	(2)
Volunteer Orientation Checklist	353	(1)
Volunteer Responsibilities	354	(1)
Volunteer Contract	355	(1)
Volunteer Evaluation Form	356	(3)
Appendix D
Therapeutic Recreation Internship Application	359	(3)
Recreational Therapy Student Intern Job Summary	362	(1)
Exchange of Services Agreement	363	(2)
Appendix E
1995 Standards Manual and Interpretive Guidelines for Medical Rehabilitation	365	(5)
1995 Standards Manual and Interpretive Guidelines for Behavioral Health	370	(3)
Index	373