Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

by Husain, Iqbal

• ISBN13: 9780849314667
• ISBN10: 0849314666
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-03-12
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

With advances driven by pressure from governments, environmental activists, and its associated industries, the subject of electric and hybrid vehicles is becoming increasingly important. Trends clearly suggest that we must educate the engineers of today and tomorrow in the technical details of these vehicles. While there are many books that provide narrative descriptions of electric and hybrid vehicle components, none cover the technical aspects from a mathematically derived, design point of view, and none serve well as a textbook.Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals presents a comprehensive, systems-level perspective of these vehicles that strikes an outstanding balance between technical details, design equations, numerical examples, and case studies. Starting with some historic background, the author describes the system components, the laws of physics governing vehicle motion, the mathematical relationships within and between the components, energy sources, and designing components to meet the complete vehicle specifications.As this text illustrates, the electric vehicle is an excellent example of electro-mechanical and electro-chemical systems, one that is technically challenging as well as highly motivating to engineering students. The material presented is designed to be covered comfortably in a one-semester course. Its multidisciplinary nature and systems approach makes Electric and Hybrid Vehicles ideal for teaching electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers all in one course.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles	1	(16)
1.1 EV System	2	(1)
1.1.1 Components of an EV	2	(1)
1.2 EV History	3	(6)
1.2.1 The Early Years	4	(1)
1.2.2 1960s	5	(1)
1.2.3 1970s	5	(1)
1.2.4 1980s and 1990s	6	(2)
1.2.5 Recent EVs and HEVs	8	(1)
1.3 EV Advantages	9	(4)
1.3.1 Efficiency Comparison	9	(1)
1.3.2 Pollution Comparison	10	(3)
1.3.3 Capital and Operating Cost Comparison ll
1.3.4 U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil	13	(13)
1.4 EV Market	13	(1)
References	14	(1)
Assignment	15	(2)
Chapter 2 Vehicle Mechanics	17	(26)
2.1 Roadway Fundamentals	18	(2)
2.2 Laws of Motion	20	(2)
2.3 Vehicle Kinetics	22	(3)
2.4 Dynamics of Vehicle Motion	25	(1)
2.5 Propulsion Power	26	(3)
2.5.1 Force-Velocity Characteristics	27	(1)
2.5.2 Maximum Gradability	28	(1)
2.6 Velocity and Acceleration	29	(9)
2.6.1 Constant FTR, Level Road	29	(6)
2.6.1.1 Velocity Profile	31	(1)
2.6.1.2 Distance Traversed	31	(1)
2.6.1.3 Tractive Power	32	(1)
2.6.1.4 Energy Required	33	(27)
2.6.2 Nonconstant FTR, General Acceleration	35	(11)
2.7 Propulsion System Design	38	(1)
Problems	39	(4)
Chapter 3 Energy Source: Battery	43	(38)
3.1 Battery Basics	43	(3)
3.2 Lead-Acid Battery	46	(4)
3.2.1 Cell Discharge Operation	47	(1)
3.2.2 Cell Charge Operation	48	(1)
3.2.3 Construction	49	(1)
3.3 Alternative Batteries	50	(6)
3.3.1 Nickel-Cadmium Battery	50	(1)
3.3.2 Nickel-Metal-Hydride (NiMH) Battery	51	(1)
3.3.3 Li-Ion Battery	52	(1)
3.3.4 Li-Polymer Battery	53	(1)
3.3.5 Zinc-Air Battery	54	(1)
3.3.6 Sodium-Sulfur Battery	54	(1)
3.3.7 Sodium-Metal-Chloride Battery	55	(1)
3.4 Battery Parameters	56	(3)
3.4.1 Battery Capacity	56	(1)
3.4.2 Discharge Rate	57	(1)
3.4.3 State of Charge	57	(1)
3.4.4 State of Discharge	58	(1)
3.4.5 Depth of Discharge	59	(1)
3.5 Technical Characteristics	59	(7)
3.5.1 Practical Capacity	60	(4)
3.5.1.1 Capacity Redefined	61	(1)
3.5.1.2 Battery Energy	62	(1)
3.5.1.3 Constant Current Discharge	62	(1)
3.5.1.4 Specific Energy	63	(1)
3.5.2 Battery Power	64	(1)
3.5.2.1 Specific Power	65	(1)
3.5.2.2 Battery Pack Design	65	(4)
3.5.3 Ragone Plots	65	(2)
3.6 Targets and Properties of Batteries	66	(1)
3.7 Battery Modeling	67	(9)
3.7.1 Constant Current Discharge Approach	69	(3)
3.7.1.1 Fractional Depletion Model	70	(14)
3.7.2 Standard Driving Cycles	72	(3)
3.7.3 Power Density Approach	75	(6)
References	76	(1)
Problems	77	(4)
Chapter 4 Alternative Energy Sources	81	(14)
4.1 Fuel Cells	81	(10)
4.1.1 Fuel Cell Characteristics	82	(2)
4.1.2 Fuel Cell Types	84	(1)
4.1.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)	84	(1)
4.1.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)	84	(1)
4.1.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)	84	(1)
4.1.2.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)	84	(1)
4.1.2.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)	85	(1)
4.1.2.6 Solid Onnude Fuel Cell (SOFC, ITSOFC)	85	(23)
4.1.3 Hydrogen Storage Systems	85	(2)
4.1.4 Reformers	87	(1)
4.1.5 Fuel Cell EV	88	(15)
4.2 Supercapacitors and Ultracapacitors	91	(1)
4.3 Flywheels	92	(1)
References	93	(1)
Problem	94	(1)
Chapter 5 DC and AC Electric Machines	95	(42)
5.1 Motor and Engine Ratings	96	(1)
5.2 EV and HEY Motor Requirements	97	(1)
5.3 DC Machines	98	(5)
5.4 Three-Phase AC Machines	103	(13)
5.4.1 Sinusoidal Stator Windings	104	(2)
5.4.2 Number of Poles	106	(1)
5.4.3 Three-Phase Sinusoidal Windings	107	(1)
5.4.4 Space Vector Representation	108	(8)
5.4.4.1 Interpretation of Space Vectors	112	(1)
5.4.4.2 Inverse Relations	112	(1)
5.4.4.3 Resultant mmf in a Balanced System	113	(2)
5.4.4.4 Mutual Inductance Land Induced Stator Voltage	115	(22)
5.4.5 Types of AC Machines	116	(1)
5.5 Induction Machines	116	(9)
5.5.1 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit	118	(3)
5.5.2 Simplified Torque Expression	121	(3)
5.5.3 Speed Control Methods	124	(3)
5.6 Regenerative Braking	125	(2)
5.7 dq Modeling	127	(7)
5.7.1 Rotating Reference Frame	130	(1)
5.7.2 Induction Machine dq Model	131	(1)
5.7.3Power and Electromagnetic Torque	132	(5)
References	134	(1)
Problems	135	(2)
Chapter 6 PM and SR Machines	137	(24)
6.1 Permanent Magnet Machines	137	(11)
6.1.1 Permanent Magnets	137	(2)
6.1.1.1 Ferrites	138	(1)
6.1.1.2 Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)	138	(1)
6.1.1.3 Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB)	139	(1)
6.1.2 PM Synchronous Motors	139	(2)
6.1.2.1 Types of PMSMs	140	(1)
6.1.3 PMSM Models	141	(5)
6.1.3.1 Voltage Equations	142	(1)
6.1.3.2 Voltage and Torque in Reference Frames	143	(1)
6.1.3.3 dq and aB Model	144	(1)
6.1.3.4 Transformation Equations	145	(1)
6.1.4 PM Brushless DC Motors	146	(2)
6.1.4.1 Brushless DC Motor Modeling	147	(1)
6.2 Switched Reluctance Machines	148	(10)
6.2.1 SRM Configuration	148	(3)
6.2.1.1 Advantages and Drawbacks	149	(2)
6.2.2 Basic Principle of Operation	151	(6)
6.2.2.1 Voltage-Balance Equation	151	(1)
6.2.2.2 Energy Conversion	152	(1)
6.2.2.3 Torque Production	153	(2)
6.2.2.4 Torque-Speed Characteristics	155	(2)
6.2.3 SRM Design	157	(4)
6.2.3.1 Basic Design Guidelines	157	(12)
References	158	(1)
Problems	158	(3)
Chapter 7 Power Electronics and Motor Drives	161	(30)
7.1 Electric Drive Components	161	(1)
7.1.1 Power Converters	161	(1)
7.1.2 Drive Controller	162	(1)
7.2 Power Electronic Switches	162	(5)
7.2.1 Diode	164	(1)
7.2.2 Power Transistors	164	(1)
7.2.3 Power MOSFETs	164	(1)
7.2.4 IGBT	164	(2)
7.2.5 Bidirectional Switch	166	(1)
7.3 DC Drives	167	(15)
7.3.1 Two-Quadrant Chopper	167	(2)
7.3.2 Open-Loop Drive	169	(13)
7.3.2.1 Steady State Analysis of Quadrant I	171	(2)
7.3.2.2 Ripple Reduction in ia	173	(1)
7.3.2.3 Acceleration (Continuous Conduction Mode, CCM)	174	(2)
7.3.2.4 Acceleration (Discontinuous Conduction Mode,DCM)	176	(1)
7.3.2.5 Acceleration (Uncontrollable Mode, UNCM)	177	(2)
7.3.2.6 Braking Operation (CCM in Steady State)	179	(2)
7.3.2.7 Regenerative Power	181	(11)
7.4 Operating Point Analysis	182	(5)
7.4.1 Scenario 1	182	(1)
7.4.2 Scenario 2	183	(1)
7.4.3 Scenario 3	184	(1)
7.4.4 Scenario 4	184	(7)
References	187	(1)
Problems	187	(4)
Chapter 8 AC and SR Motor Drives	191	(38)
8.1 AC Drive	191	(16)
8.1.1 Six-Step Operation	192	(4)
8.1.1.1 Harmonic Analysis	195	(1)
8.1.2 Pulse Width Modulation	196	(9)
8.1.2.1 Sinusoidal PWM	197	(2)
8.1.2.2 Harmonics in Sinusoidal PWM	199	(1)
8.1.2.3 Space Vector PWM	199	(3)
8.1.2.4 Generation of SV PWM Switching Signals	202	(3)
8.1.3 Current Control Methods	205	(2)
8.1.3.1 Hysteresis Current Controller	205	(2)
8.1.3.2 Ramp Comparison Controller	207	(3)
8.2 Vector Control of AC Motors	207	(9)
8.2.1 Vector Control of Induction Motors	210	(1)
8.2.2 Rotor Flux-Oriented Vector Control	210	(1)
8.2.3 Direct and Indirect Vector Control	210	(6)
8.2.3.1 Direct Vector Control	212	(3)
8.2.3.2 Indirect Vector Control	215	(1)
8.2.3.3 Vector Control Implementation	215	(6)
8.3 PM Synchronous Motor Drives	216	(2)
8.3.1 Vector Control	216	(1)
8.3.2 Flux Weakening	217	(1)
8.3.3 Current and Voltage Controllers	218	(1)
8.4 SR Motor Drives	218	(6)
8.4.1 SRM Converters	219	(2)
8.4.2 SRM Controls	221	(9)
8.4.2.1 Control Parameters	221	(1)
8.4.2.2 Advance Angle Calculation	222	(1)
8.4.2.3 Voltage-Controlled Drive	222	(1)
8.4.2.4 Current-Controlled Drive	223	(1)
8.4.2.5 Advanced Control Strategies	224	(19)
References	224	(1)
Problems	225	(4)
Chapter 9 Electric Vehicle Drivetrain	229	(14)
9.1 EV Transmission Configurations	229	(1)
9.2 Transmission Components	230	(3)
9.2.1 Gears	230	(1)
9.2.2 Automobile Differential	231	(1)
9.2.3 Clutch	232	(1)
9.2.4 Brakes	232	(1)
9.3 Ideal Gearbox: Steady State Model	233	(4)
9.3.1 Gear Ratio (GR)	233	(2)
9.3.2 Torque-Speed Characteristics	235	(2)
9.4 EV Motor Sizing	237	(5)
9.4.1 Initial Acceleration	239	(2)
9.4.2 Rated Vehicle Velocity	241	(1)
9.4.3 Mannumum Velocity	241	(1)
9.4.4 Mannumum Gradability	241	(2)
References	242	(1)
Problem	242	(1)
Chapter 10 Hybrid Electric Vehicles	243	(20)
10.1 Types of Hybrids	243	(3)
10.1.1 Series and Parallel HEVs	243	(2)
10.1.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages	244	(3)
10.1.2 Series-Parallel Combination	245	(1)
10.2 Internal Combustion Engines	246	(10)
10.2.1 Reciprocating Engines	247	(7)
10.2.1.1 Practical and Air-Standard Cycles	249	(1)
10.2.1.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle	250	(2)
10.2.1.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle	252	(1)
10.2.1.4 Example IC Engines in HEVs	253	(3)
10.2.2 Gas Turbine Engine	254	(2)
10.3 Design of an HEV	256	(4)
10.3.1 Hybrid Drivetrains	256	(1)
10.3.2 Sizing of Components	256	(4)
10.3.2.1 Rated Vehicle Velocity	257	(1)
10.3.2.2 Initial Acceleration	257	(2)
10.3.2.3 Maximum Velocity	259	(1)
10.3.2.4 Maximum Gradability	259	(1)
References	260	(1)
Problem	261	(2)
Index	263