Electrical Insulation in Power Systems

by Malik, N. H.; Al-Arainy, A. A.; Qureshi, M. I.

• ISBN13: 9780824701062
• ISBN10: 0824701062
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-09-19
• Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc

Summary

Striking a balance between basic and applied issues, this one-of-a-kind, single-source reference covers the design, operations, diagnostics, and testing of electrical insulation in high-voltage power networks. Providing a comprehensive survey of advanced digital and electro-optic techniques, Electrical Insulation in Power Systems furnishes a thorough knowledge of the fundamental properties of dielectrics...examines the mechanisms of gas discharge and the air clearances necessary on equipment...explains SF[subscript 6] circuit breakers, gas insulated switchgear (GIS), the mechanisms that control breakdown in SF[subscript 6] gas, and performance of SF[subscript 6]-related equipment...describes liquid, solid, and vacuum dielectrics as well as dielectric classification, electrical properties, conduction, and breakdown mechanisms...addresses composite insulation and polymeric and oil-filled cables...elucidates high-voltage testing techniques, internationally accepted classifications, test procedures, and standards...and more. Generously illustrated with over 200 drawings, tables, and photographs, Electrical Insulation in Power Systems is an indispensable, hands-on guide for electrical and electronics, high-voltage, insulation, electrical-power, transmission and distribution, chemical, and materials engineers; polymer chemists; dielectric physicists; materials scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines. Book jacket.

Author Biography

N. H. Malik is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia A. A. Al-Arainy is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia M. I. Qureshi is a Research Scientist at the Research Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Table of Contents

Series Introduction	iii	(2)
H. Lee Willis
Preface	v
1 Introduction to Electrical Insulation in Power Systems	1	(20)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Properties of Dielectrics	2	(3)
1.3 Classification of Insulating Materials	5	(3)
1.4 Applications of Insulating Materials	8	(2)
1.5 Electric Fields	10	(8)
1.6 Design Parameters of High Voltage Equipment	18	(1)
References	19	(2)
2 Gas Dielectrics	21	(28)
2.1 Introduction	21	(1)
2.2 Gas Behavior Under Zero Electric Field	21	(2)
2.3 Generation of Charged Particles	23	(5)
2.4 Deionization Processes	28	(1)
2.5 Uniform Field Gas Breakdown	29	(7)
2.6 Nonuniform Field Gas Breakdown	36	(6)
2.7 Time to Breakdown	42	(1)
2.8 Discharges Under Nanosecond Pulse Voltages	43	(1)
2.9 Gap-Type Discharge	44	(2)
2.10 Choice of Dielectric Gases	46	(2)
References	48	(1)
3 Air Insulation	49	(34)
3.1 Introduction	49	(1)
3.2 Air Insulation Applications and Modeling	49	(2)
3.3 Voltage Stresses	51	(1)
3.4 Impulse Breakdown Probability	51	(1)
3.5 Breakdown Voltage Characteristics	52	(13)
3.6 Volt Time Curve and Insulation Coordination	65	(4)
3.7 Phase to Phase Breakdown Characteristics	69	(2)
3.8 Arc Discharge	71	(1)
3.9 Undesirable Effects of Corona	72	(8)
3.10 Television Interference	80	(1)
References	80	(3)
4 SF(6) Insulation	83	(28)
4.1 Introduction	83	(1)
4.2 Basic Properties of SF(6) Gas	83	(2)
4.3 Breakdown Processes in SF(6)	85	(1)
4.4 Uniform Field Breakdown	86	(1)
4.5 Nonuniform Field Breakdown	87	(3)
4.6 Estimation of Minimum Discharge Voltages	90	(1)
4.7 Factors Affecting Discharge Voltages	91	(5)
4.8 Arc Interruption in SF(6)	96	(2)
4.9 Gas Insulated Switchgear	98	(9)
4.10 Compressed Gas Insulated Cables	107	(1)
4.11 Other Applications of SF(6)	108	(1)
4.12 SF(6) Gas Handling	108	(1)
References	109	(2)
5 Liquid Dielectrics	111	(36)
5.1 Introduction	111	(1)
5.2 Classification of Insulating Oils	112	(7)
5.3 Essential Characteristics of Insulating Oils	119	(4)
5.4 Streaming Electrification	123	(1)
5.5 Reconditioning of Insulating Oils	124	(1)
5.6 Electric Conduction in Insulating Liquids	125	(4)
5.7 Breakdown in Insulating Liquids	129	(14)
References	143	(4)
6 Solid Dielectrics	147	(41)
6.1 Introduction	147	(1)
6.2 Solid Insulating Materials	148	(19)
6.3 Dielectric Loss in Solid Insulating Materials	167	(6)
6.4 Breakdown in Solid Insulation	173	(13)
References	186	(2)
7 Vacuum Dielectrics	188	(21)
7.1 Introduction	188	(1)
7.2 Prebreakdown Electron Emission in Vacuum	189	(3)
7.3 Factors Affecting Breakdown Voltage in Vacuum	192	(3)
7.4 Breakdown Mechanisms	195	(3)
7.5 Arc Interruption in Vacuums	198	(4)
7.6 Vacuum Circuit Breaker	202	(4)
References	206	(3)
8 Composite Dielectrics	209	(32)
8.1 Introduction	209	(1)
8.2 Dielectric Properties of Composites	210	(3)
8.3 Edge Breakdown	213	(1)
8.4 Cavity Breakdown	214	(3)
8.5 Breakdown Due to Surface Erosion and Tracking	217	(1)
8.6 Chemical and Electrochemical Deterioration and Breakdown	218	(2)
8.7 Materials of Outdoor Insulators	220	(4)
8.8 Oil-Impregnated Insulation	224	(10)
8.9 Flexible Laminates	234	(4)
References	238	(3)
9 High Voltage Cables	241	(35)
9.1 Introduction	241	(1)
9.2 Cable Materials	241	(3)
9.3 Types of Cables	244	(1)
9.4 Cable Constants	245	(4)
9.5 Electric Stress in Cables	249	(1)
9.6 Cable Losses	250	(1)
9.7 Cable Ampacity	251	(2)
9.8 Partial Discharges in Cables	253	(2)
9.9 Treeing in Cables	255	(8)
9.10 Cable Aging and Life Estimation	263	(3)
9.11 Cable Accessories	266	(4)
9.12 Cable Fault Location	270	(2)
9.13 Recent Advances in Cable Technology	272	(1)
References	273	(3)
10 Generation and Measurement of Testing Voltages	276	(30)
10.1 Introduction	276	(1)
10.2 High Voltage DC Generation	276	(3)
10.3 High Voltage AC Generation	279	(3)
10.4 High Voltage Impulse Generation	282	(6)
10.5 Nanosecond Pulse Generation	288	(1)
10.6 Spark Gaps as a Voltage Measuring Device	289	(5)
10.7 Potential Dividers for High Voltage Measurement	294	(1)
10.8 Other High Voltage Measuring Devices	295	(7)
10.9 Measurement of Corona and Gap Discharge Currents	302	(2)
References	304	(2)
11 New Measurement and Diagnostic Technologies	306	(36)
11.1 Introduction	306	(1)
11.2 Digital Impulse Recorders	306	(5)
11.3 Digital Techniques in HV Tests	311	(4)
11.4 Testing Automation	315	(1)
11.5 Electric Field Measurements	316	(1)
11.6 Electro-Optic Sensors	317	(8)
11.7 Magneto-Optic Sensors	325	(3)
11.8 Measurements of Very Fast Transients in GIS	328	(1)
11.9 Space Charge Measurement Techniques	329	(6)
11.10 Electro-Optical Imaging Techniques	335	(4)
References	339	(3)
12 Insulation Testing	342	(39)
12.1 Objectives of Testing	342	(1)
12.2 HV Test Classification	343	(2)
12.3 Test Voltages	345	(4)
12.4 Test Procedures and Standards	349	(2)
12.5 Testing of HV Measuring Devices	351	(4)
12.6 Partial Discharge Test	355	(3)
12.7 Dielectric Loss Test	358	(3)
12.8 Testing of HV Apparatus	361	(14)
12.9 Electrostatic Hazards	375	(3)
References	378	(3)
Index	381