Electricity and Electronics

by Gerrish, Howard H.; Dugger, William E., Jr.; Roberts, Richard M.

• ISBN13: 9781590702079
• ISBN10: 1590702077
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-01
• Publisher: Goodheart-Willcox Pub

Summary

Presents solid, up-to-date information on the fundamentals of electricity and electronics.

Table of Contents

Section 1 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics	16	(82)
Chapter 1 Science of Electricity and Electronics	17	(16)
1.1 THE NATURE OF MATTER	17	(3)
Molecule and the Atom	17	(1)
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons	18	(1)
Ionization	19	(1)
1.2 STATIC ELECTRICITY	20	(5)
Law of Charges	20	(1)
Experiment 1-1: Demonstrating the Law of Charges	21	(1)
Applied E&E: Copy Machines	22	(1)
Experiment 1-2: Examining Electrical Induction and Conduction	23	(1)
The Coulomb	23	(1)
Electrostatic Fields	23	(1)
Induction	24	(1)
Static Electricity Applications	24	(1)
1.3 BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT	25	(4)
Voltage	26	(1)
Current	26	(1)
Resistance	26	(1)
Current, AC and DC	27	(1)
Conventional Current Flow vs. Electron Flow Theory	28	(1)
Series and Parallel	28	(1)
1.4 OHM'S LAW	29	(4)
Electrical Prefixes	30	(3)
Chapter 2 Basic Instruments and Measurements	33	(18)
2.1 BASIC ANALOG METER MOVEMENT	33	(3)
Iron Vane Meter Movement	34	(1)
Meter Scales	35	(1)
2.2 AMMETER	36	(2)
2.3 VOLTMETER	38	(3)
Voltmeter Sensitivity	40	(1)
Loading a Circuit	40	(1)
2.4 OHMMETERS	41	(1)
Ohmmeter Scales	42	(1)
2.5 THE VOLT OHM-MILLIAMMETER (VOM)	42	(4)
Digital Multimeters	43	(1)
Computer Display Meters	44	(1)
AC Meter Readings	45	(1)
Important Meter Information	45	(1)
2.6 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS	46	(5)
Chapter 3 Introduction to Basic Electrical Circuit Materials	51	(20)
3.1 CONDUCTORS	51	(6)
Conductor Sizes	52	(1)
Circular Mils	52	(1)
Conductor Insulation	53	(1)
Types of Conductors	54	(1)
Conductor Resistance	55	(1)
Safety Standards	56	(1)
3.2 SPECIAL CONDUCTOR PATHWAYS	57	(2)
Breadboards	57	(1)
Printed Circuit Boards	57	(1)
Chassis	58	(1)
3.3 COMMON CIRCUIT DEVICES	59	(3)
Switches	59	(1)
Connectors	60	(1)
Circuit Protection Devices	61	(1)
3.4 LIGHTING	62	(3)
Incandescent Lamp Principles	62	(1)
Discharge Lamp Principles	63	(1)
Lumen	64	(1)
3.5 RESISTORS	65	(6)
Potentiometers	66	(1)
Thermistors	67	(1)
Resistor Color Code	67	(4)
Chapter 4 Energy	71	(8)
4.1 WORK, POWER, AND HORSEPOWER	71	(2)
4.2 OHM'S LAW AND WATT'S LAW	73	(1)
4.3 WATTMETER AND WATT-HOURS	74	(1)
4.4 EFFICIENCY	75	(4)
Energy Efficiency Rating	76	(1)
Gears, Pulleys, and Power	76	(3)
Chapter 5 Sources of Electricity	79	(19)
5.1 CHEMICAL ACTION	79	(10)
Primary Cells	80	(1)
Types of Primary Cells	81	(2)
Secondary Cells	83	(3)
Batteries in Series and Parallel	86	(1)
Experiment 5-1: Voltages in Series	86	(1)
Experiment 5-2: Voltages in Parallel	87	(1)
Applied E&E: Sound Navigation Ranging (Sonar)	88	(1)
Battery Capacity	89	(1)
5.2 OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY	89	(10)
Electrical Energy from Light	89	(3)
Project 5-1: Photoelectric Controller	92	(1)
Electrical Energy from Heat	92	(1)
Experiment 5-3: Building a Thermocouple	93	(1)
Electrical Energy from Mechanical Pressure	93	(1)
Fuel Cells	94	(1)
Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation	94	(1)
Electricity from Magnetism	95	(3)
Section 2 Basic Circuits	98	(22)
Chapter 6 Series Circuits	99	(6)
6.1 SERIES CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES	99	(2)
Voltage in a Series Circuit	99	(1)
Current in a Series Circuit	99	(1)
Resistance in a Series Circuit	100	(1)
Determining an Unknown Voltage	100	(1)
Power in a Series Circuit	100	(1)
6.2 APPLICATIONS AND TROUBLESHOOTING SERIES CIRCUITS	101	(4)
Applying Ohm's Law to a Series Circuit	101	(1)
Airfield Lighting System	102	(1)
Troubleshooting a Series Circuit Using a Voltmeter	102	(3)
Chapter 7 Parallel Circuits	105	(8)
7.1 PARALLEL CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES	105	(4)
Parallel Circuit Voltage	105	(1)
Parallel Circuit Current	106	(1)
Parallel Circuit Resistance	106	(2)
Power in a Parallel Circuit	108	(1)
7.2 APPLICATIONS AND TROUBLESHOOTING PARALLEL CIRCUITS	109	(4)
Applying Ohm's Law to Parallel Circuits	109	(1)
Troubleshooting a Parallel Circuit	109	(4)
Chapter 8 Combination Circuits (Series-Parallel)	113	(7)
8.1 REDUCING A COMPLEX CIRCUIT	113	(2)
Reducing to a Simple Series Circuit	113	(1)
Reducing to a Simple Parallel Circuit	114	(1)
8.2 SOLVING FOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES	115	(2)
Power in a Combination Circuit	117	(1)
8.3 TROUBLESHOOTING A COMBINATION CIRCUIT	117	(3)
Section 3 Motors, Generators, and Power Distribution	120	(84)
Chapter 9 Magnetism	121	(14)
9.1 BASIC MAGNETIC PRINCIPLES	121	(4)
Laws of Magnetism	122	(1)
Experiment 9-1: Observing Magnetic Lines of Force	122	(2)
Magnetic Flux	124	(1)
Third Law of Magnetism	124	(1)
9.2 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETISM	125	(3)
Magnetic Circuits	126	(1)
The Solenoid	126	(1)
Electromagnets	127	(1)
Experiment 9-2: Testing an Electromagnet	128	(1)
9.3 THE RELAY	128	(7)
Experiment 9-3: Residual Magnetism	129	(1)
Experiment 9-4: Testing a Solenoid	130	(1)
Time Relays	131	(1)
The Reed Relay	131	(1)
Magnetic Circuit Breaker	131	(1)
Buzzer and Doorbell	132	(1)
Magnetic Shields	132	(1)
Magnetic Levitation Transportation	133	(1)
Applied E&E: Electric Guitar	133	(2)
Chapter 10 Generators	135	(24)
10.1 ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM MECHANICAL ENERGY	135	(5)
Magnetic Induction	135	(2)
DC versus AC	137	(1)
Construction of a Generator	137	(2)
Generator Losses	139	(1)
10.2 TYPES OF GENERATORS	140	(4)
Separately Excited Field Generator	140	(1)
Applied E&E: Motion Simulators	141	(1)
Self Excited Generator	142	(1)
Voltage and Current Regulation	143	(1)
10.3 ALTERNATING CURRENT	144	(5)
Vectors	145	(1)
Average and Effective Values	146	(1)
Phase Displacement	146	(1)
Alternating Current Generator	147	(1)
Experiment 10-1: Building a Generator	148	(1)
10.4 THREE-PHASE GENERATORS	149	(3)
Paralleling Generators	150	(1)
Troubleshooting Generators	151	(1)
10.5 THE OSCILLOSCOPE	152	(7)
Voltage Measurement	153	(1)
Time Period and Frequency	153	(2)
Calibration	155	(1)
Intensity and Focus	155	(1)
Additional Features	155	(4)
Chapter 11 DC Motors	159	(16)
11.1 MOTOR OPERATION PRINCIPLES	159	(7)
A Practical Motor	161	(2)
Counterelectromotive Force	163	(1)
Overload Protection	163	(1)
Commutation and Interpoles	163	(1)
Applied E&E: Submarine	164	(1)
Speed Regulation	165	(1)
11.2 DC MOTORS	166	(9)
Shunt DC Motor	166	(1)
Series DC Motor	166	(1)
Compound DC Motors	167	(1)
Motor Starting Circuits	167	(2)
Thyristor Motor Controls	169	(1)
The Universal Motor	170	(1)
Permanent Magnet Motor	170	(1)
DC Servo Motor	170	(5)
Chapter 12 Transformers	175	(16)
12.1 TRANSFORMER THEORY	175	(7)
Induction	176	(1)
Turns Ratio Principle	177	(2)
Transformer Power	179	(2)
Transformer Losses	181	(1)
Impedance	181	(1)
Phase Relationship in Transformers	181	(1)
Taps	181	(1)
12.2 TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM	182	(4)
Applied E&E: Electric Resistance Welding	183	(1)
Delta and Wye, Three-Phase Power Systems	184	(1)
Grounding	185	(1)
Troubleshooting Transformers	186	(1)
12.3 SPECIAL TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS	186	(5)
Autotransformers	186	(1)
Induction Circuit Breaker	186	(1)
Lighting Ballast	187	(1)
Coupling Transformer	187	(1)
Isolation Transformers	188	(1)
Automobile Ignition Coil	188	(3)
Chapter 13 AC Motors	191	(13)
13.1 INDUCTION MOTORS	191	(7)
Synchronous Speed	192	(1)
Slip	193	(1)
Types of Induction Motors	193	(4)
Selsyn Unit	197	(1)
13.2 MOTOR PROTECTION, FAILURE, AND TROUBLESHOOTING	198	(7)
Motor Installation and Protection	198	(1)
Motor Failure	199	(1)
Troubleshooting Motors	199	(5)
Section 4 Advanced Electronic Circuits	204	(146)
Chapter 14 Inductance and RL Circuits	205	(14)
14.1 INDUCTANCE	205	(4)
Producing Stronger and Weaker Magnetic Fields	206	(1)
Self Induction	206	(1)
Transient Responses	206	(2)
Experiment 14-1: Self Inductance	208	(1)
14.2 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE	209	(2)
Phase Relationship in Series and Parallel Inductance	210	(1)
14.3 INDUCTANCE IN AC CIRCUITS	211	(8)
Induced Current and Voltage	211	(1)
Power in Inductive Circuits	212	(1)
Resistance and Inductance in an AC Circuit	212	(2)
Ohm's Law for AC Circuits	214	(1)
Parallel RL Circuit	215	(3)
Applied E&E: Inductive Heating	218	(1)
Chapter 15 Capacitance and RC Circuits	219	(18)
15.1 CAPACITANCE AND THE CAPACITOR	219	(6)
Calculating Capacitance	220	(1)
Types of Capacitors	221	(4)
15.2 TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF THE CAPACITOR	225	(4)
RC Time Constant	226	(2)
Project 15-1: Flashing LED RC Circuit	228	(1)
Capacitors in Series and Parallel	228	(1)
15.3 CAPACITANCE IN AC CIRCUITS	229	(8)
Power in Capacitive Circuits	230	(1)
Resistance and Capacitance in an AC
Circuit	231	(1)
Parallel RC Circuit	232	(1)
Project 15-2: Building a Turnable Electronic Organ	233	(4)
Chapter 16 Tuned Circuits and RCL Networks	237	(16)
16.1 RCL NETWORKS	237	(7)
Resonance	237	(1)
Acceptor Circuit	238	(2)
Tank Circuit	240	(1)
Reject Circuit	241	(1)
Q of Tuned Circuits	242	(2)
Loading the Tank Circuit	244	(1)
16.2 FILTERING CIRCUITS	244	(9)
Filtering Action	245	(1)
Experiment 16-1: Demonstrate R Coupling	246	(1)
Bypassing	246	(1)
Applied E&E: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	247	(1)
Low-Pass Filters	248	(1)
High-Pass Filters	248	(1)
Tuned Circuit Filters	249	(1)
Nomograph	250	(3)
Chapter 17 Introduction to Semiconductors and Power Supplies	253	(24)
17.1 SEMICONDUCTORS	253	(5)
Atomic Characteristics	254	(1)
Conduction of Electricity	254	(1)
Applied E&E: Superconductivity	255	(1)
Doping	256	(2)
17.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES	258	(5)
Forward and Reverse Biasing	259	(1)
Types of Semiconductor Diodes	259	(2)
Diode Characteristics and Ratings	261	(1)
Series and Parallel Rectifier Arrangements	261	(1)
Testing Diodes	261	(2)
17.3 POWER SUPPLIES	263	(6)
Power Supply Functions	263	(1)
Power Transformers	263	(2)
Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectification	265	(2)
Filters	267	(2)
17.4 VOLTAGE REGULATION	269	(3)
Load Resistor	269	(1)
Project 17-1: Building a Voltage Regulator	270	(1)
Voltage Regulator Circuit	271	(1)
17.5 VOLTAGE DOUBLERS	272	(5)
Project 17-2: Building a Trickle Charger	273	(1)
Project 17-3: Building a Small Power Supply	274	(3)
Chapter 18 Tubes, Transistors, and Amplifiers	277	(28)
18.1 VACUUM TUBES	277	(6)
Thermionic Emitters	278	(1)
Cathodes	278	(1)
Diodes	278	(1)
Triodes	279	(1)
Tetrodes	279	(1)
Applied E&E: X-rays	280	(1)
Pentodes	281	(1)
Cathode Ray Tubes	282	(1)
18.2 TRANSISTORS	283	(3)
Field-Effect Transistor (FET)	284	(2)
18.3 TRANSISTORS AS AMPLIFIERS	286	(3)
Biasing	286	(1)
Single Battery Circuit	287	(1)
Methods of Bias	288	(1)
18.4 AMPLIFIER OPERATION	289	(3)
Computing Gain	291	(1)
Decibels	291	(1)
18.5 TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS	292	(4)
DC Load Line Analysis	293	(1)
Classes of Amplifiers	294	(1)
Thermal Considerations	295	(1)
Transistor Precautions	296	(1)
18.6 COUPLING AMPLIFIERS	296	(5)
Transformer Coupling	296	(1)
RC Coupling	297	(3)
Direct Coupling	300	(1)
Push-Pull Coupling	300	(1)
18.7 THYRISTORS	301	(4)
SCR	301	(1)
Triac	302	(1)
Project 18-1: Building a Sound Controlled Robot	303	(2)
Chapter 19 Integrated Circuits	305	(14)
19.1 HISTORY OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT	305	(1)
19.2 IC CONSTRUCTION	306	(6)
Resistors	310	(1)
Capacitors	311	(1)
Putting It Together	311	(1)
Common Types of ICs	311	(1)
19.3 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP AMP)	312	(5)
Op Amp Gain	313	(1)
Comparator Circuit	313	(1)
Project 19-1: Building a Voice Recorder	314	(2)
Project 19-2: Building an Audio Amplifier	316	(1)
19.4 555 TIMER	317	(2)
Chapter 20 Digital Circuits	319	(22)
20.1 DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS	320	(6)
Binary Numbering System	321	(2)
Voltage Logic Levels in Digital Circuits	323	(1)
Bits, Nibbles, and Bytes	323	(2)
Applied E&E: Computerized Tomography (CT)	325	(1)
20.2 LOGIC GATES	326	(4)
AND Gates	326	(1)
OR Gates	327	(1)
NOT Gates	327	(1)
NAND Gates	328	(1)
NOR Gates	328	(1)
XOR Gates	328	(1)
XNOR Gates	329	(1)
20.3 LOGIC FAMILIES	330	(2)
CMOS Logic	330	(1)
Transistor-Transistor Logic	331	(1)
20.4 DIGITAL APPLICATIONS	332	(9)
Logic Probe	333	(1)
Digital Encoders and Decoders	334	(1)
Digitized Analog Signals	334	(1)
Flip-Flops	334	(2)
Counters	336	(5)
Chapter 21 Oscillators	341	(9)
21.1 BASIC OSCILLATORS	341	(3)
Armstrong Oscillators	342	(1)
Hartley Oscillators	343	(1)
21.2 OTHER OSCILLATORS	344	(7)
Colpitis Oscillators	344
Crystal Controlled Oscillators	341	(4)
Applied E&E: Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR)	345	(2)
Power Oscillators	347	(1)
Operational Amplifier Oscillator Circuits	347	(3)
Section 5 Electronic Communication and Data Systems	350	(125)
Chapter 22 AM and FM Radio Communications	351	(38)
22.1 SIMPLE RADIO RECEIVER	351	(3)
Radio Waves	352	(1)
Project 22-1: Building a Crystal Radio	353	(1)
22.2 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH	354	(3)
Frequency Spectrum	355	(2)
22.3 RADIO TRANSMITTER	357	(4)
Continuous Wave Transmitter	357	(1)
Microphones	358	(1)
Modulation	359	(1)
Project 22-2: Building an AM Transmitter	360	(1)
22.4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)	361	(2)
Modulation Patterns	361	(1)
Sideband Power	362	(1)
22.5 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)	363	(2)
Narrow Band FM	363	(1)
Modulation Index	364	(1)
Percent of Modulation	365	(1)
22.6 AMPLITUDE MODULATED (AM) RECEIVER	365	(3)
The Tuning Circuit	365	(1)
RF Amplification	366	(1)
Detection	366	(2)
22.7 THE SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER	368	(10)
Project 22-3: Building a Four-Transistor Radio	369	(1)
Mixer	370	(2)
Local Oscillator	372	(1)
IF Amplifiers	372	(1)
Detector	373	(1)
Automatic Gain Control	374	(1)
Audio Preamplifier	374	(1)
Audio Amplifier	374	(2)
Alignment	376	(1)
IC Radios	376	(1)
Applied E&E: Global Positioning systems	377	(1)
Project 22-4: Building a Superheterodyne Receiver	378	(1)
22.8 FM RECEIVER	378	(4)
FM Detection	379	(3)
Noise Limiting	382	(1)
22.9 TRANSDUCERS	382	(7)
Speakers	382	(1)
Headphones	383	(2)
Project 22-5: Building an FM Wireless Mic	385	(1)
Tone Controls	386	(3)
Chapter 23 Television and Video Display Units	389	(26)
23.1 TELEVISION SIGNALS	389	(4)
Television Cameras	389	(1)
Scanning	390	(1)
Composite Video Signals	391	(1)
Basic Cathode Ray Tube Controls	392	(1)
23.2 TELEVISION RECEIVERS	393	(5)
Black-and-White Television Receiver	393	(2)
Color Television Receiver	395	(1)
Television Channel	396	(2)
23.3 TELEVISION INNOVATIONS	398	(5)
Video Cassette Recorders	398	(1)
Remote Control	399	(1)
Large Screen Projection TV	399	(1)
Satellite TV	400	(3)
23.4 HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (HDTV)	403	(12)
Digital Camera Technology	404	(1)
HDTV Picture Quality	405	(2)
Flat-Panel Displays	407	(3)
Display Resolution	410	(1)
Philips SXGA Triple Input Display Controller	410	(1)
Standards Organizations	411	(1)
Display Connector Types	411	(4)
Chapter 24: Fiber Optics and Lasers	415	(14)
24.1 FIBER OPTICS	415	(8)
Fiber Optics, Why?	415	(1)
The Nature of Light	416	(1)
Cable Construction	417	(1)
Attenuation	418	(1)
Splices and Connectors	419	(2)
Fiber-Optic Transmitters	421	(1)
Fiber-Optic Receivers	422	(1)
Troubleshooting Fiber-Optic Systems	423	(1)
24.2 LASERS	423	(6)
Laser Construction	423	(1)
Types of Lasers	424	(1)
Applied E&E: Night Vision Devices	425	(1)
Laser Applications	426	(1)
Laser Safety	427	(1)
Laser Classification	427	(2)
Chapter 25 Introduction to the Personal Computer (PC)	429	(26)
25.1 PC REPAIR	430	(2)
Common Points of Hardware Failure	431	(1)
Data Recovery	432	(1)
Computer Technology Certifications	432	(1)
The PC as a Tool	432	(1)
25.2 COMPUTER DESIGN, COMPONENTS, AND TECHNOLOGIES	432	(11)
The Case	433	(1)
Form Factor	433	(1)
Input Devices	434	(1)
Power Supply	434	(1)
Motherboard	434	(1)
CPU	435	(1)
Memory	436	(1)
BIOS	437	(1)
Chipsets	438	(2)
Mass Storage Devices	440	(1)
CD Drives	440	(2)
Modem	442	(1)
25.3 SOFTWARE	443	(3)
BIOS Software	444	(1)
Operating System (OS)	444	(1)
Drivers	445	(1)
Viruses	446	(1)
25.4 COMPUTER DEVICES	446	(5)
Dot Matrix Printer	446	(1)
Inkjet Printer	447	(1)
Laser Printer	448	(1)
Scanner	449	(1)
Digital Camera	450	(1)
Computer CRT	450	(1)
Multimedia Card/Video Adapter Card	450	(1)
23.5 LAN, WAN, AND THE INTERNET	451	(4)
LAN	451	(1)
WAN	451	(1)
Internet	451	(4)
Chapter 26 Microcontrollers	455	(12)
26.1 OVERVIEW OF THE MICROCONTROLLER	455	(3)
Comparison and Contrast of the Microcontroller and the Computer	455	(2)
Advantages of Using Microcontrollers in Industry	457	(1)
Disadvantages of Using Microcontrollers in Industry	457	(1)
26.2 MICROCONTROLLER COMPONENTS	458	(2)
Ports and Registers	458	(1)
Stack Pointer and Program Counter	459	(1)
ALU	459	(1)
Oscillator	459	(1)
Watchdog Timer	459	(1)
Memory	459	(1)
Programmable Memory	460	(1)
26.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND TERMINOLOGY	460	(2)
Machine Language, Assembly Language, and High-Level Languages	460	(1)
Programming Terminology	461	(1)
26.4 THE MICROCONTROLLER MODULE	462	(2)
Microcontroller Relay Circuit	463	(1)
Microcontroller Interface	463	(1)
26.5 GETTING STARTED WITH MICROCONTROLLERS	464	(3)
Chapter 27 Career Opportunities in Electronics	467	(10)
27.1 FINDING A CAREER	467	(1)
27.2 CAREERS IN THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY	468	(4)
Types of Electronics Industries	468	(1)
Careers	469	(2)
Career Information Sources	471	(1)
Education	471	(1)
27.3 JOB SEARCH IDEAS	472	(1)
27.4 WORK HABITS AND SKILLS	473	(2)
Professionalism	473	(1)
Leadership	473	(2)
Acknowledgments	475	(2)
Reference Section	477	(11)
Appendix 1 Scientific Notation	477	(1)
Appendix 2 Color Codes	477	(2)
Appendix 3 Conversions	479	(1)
Appendix 4 Trigonometry	479	(1)
Appendix 5 Standard Symbols and Abbreviations	480	(5)
Appendix 6 Electromagnet Demonstrations Kit	485	(3)
Glossary of Technical Terms	488	(17)
Index	505